Features of training young pole vaulters. Athletics
The pole vault consists of running, placing the pole at point-blank range, pushing and hanging on the pole, moving from hanging to point-blank, crossing the bar and landing.
The length of the run is 18-20 running steps. The best jumpers reach high speed (10 m / s) by the time of the jerk.
At the beginning of the take-off, the body is strongly inclined forward. The length of steps gradually increases.
When starting up, the pole is held in hands by a wide grip (60-70 cm) at the level of the pelvis or slightly higher. To facilitate the takeoff, the front end of the pole is raised to the height of the head or slightly lower and laid slightly to the side across the track.
The right hand does not squeeze the pole with the palm of his hand, and the left hand only supports it and directs the movement.
After the starting acceleration, the pole is gradually displayed by the front end on the take-off line and gradually descends. This helps the right shoulder and arm, which are slightly bent back. In the middle part of the take-off, the body gradually straightens. At the end of the run, the jumper increases the pace of the steps, reducing their length.
In order to move more effectively in the hang on the pole, it is important to correctly send its front end to the support box and accurately place the foot in place of the push.
The jumper determines the place of the push as follows: he stands on the pushing leg, the hand holding the pole lifts up so that the front end of the pole is in the stop box.
You can’t put the jerked foot away from the take-off line or turn the foot outward - this is a gross mistake.
Successful execution of a jump also depends on how high the jumper grabs the pole with his right hand (when pushing with his left foot).
So, for example, if the pole very quickly moves the jumper forward and he does not have time to raise the body up, then he needs to hold the pole higher, and, conversely, if the jumper is forward and he does not have time to lift the body up, then you need to take the pole lower.
The transition from take-off to jerk takes place in the last two steps. To do this, in the penultimate step of the take-off run, the pole, lowered into a horizontal position, is brought forward and up to the right shoulder (the place where the jumper holds it), and its front end goes down and goes to the stop box, the elbow of the right hand and shoulder are pulled back, palm turns up and grabs the pole (frames 1-3).
With the transition to the right foot, the right hand sends the pole back and forth, and the left, sliding up the pole to the right hand, captures it. at a distance of 10-20 cm. The jumper performs these movements until the legs are put on the push.
At the time of setting the legs for repulsion (frames 4, 5), the hands continue to accelerate to direct the pole (grip point) back and forth, creating a kind of acceleration to him before he needs to lean on the back wall of the box.
Do not raise the pole above your head before it receives support in the drawer. In this case, the jumper will come across a pole, and the speed of the swinging pole will be lost at the moment when the jumper must move to the pole after pushing away.
Thus, at the beginning of the push, the arms are carried out to the level of the head, and with. advancement on the foot - up. The jumper with increasing force presses his hands on the pole. Then the pole quickly rises, the arms are straightened (not completely), the jumper passes forward and, pushing off, moves to the pole (frame 6). It is important to quickly send the pole with your hands up, so that with emphasis it acquires the highest swing speed.
At the end of the jerk (seen from the back), the torso should lean slightly toward the jerk leg, and the right shoulder should rise slightly above the left.
The sixth, as it were, divides the jumper into two, crossing the body from the left thigh to the right shoulder. The head and torso are located slightly to the left of the shoulder, and the legs are on the right. Such an entrance allows the jumper to gently move to the pole on the pole, maintain good balance, give the pole a high swing speed and quickly perform a swing movement in the pole. Having started a big swing on the pole, the jumper bends in the lumbar and approaches his chest to the pole. At the same time, the fly leg, straightening, goes down (frames 7, 8), as if stretching down the body of a jumper. Such an elongated position of the body less inhibits its advance forward to the vertical. Due to lumbar deflection, the legs lag behind the body in their movement, swing and then quickly rise back and forth. Premature raising of the legs together with pulling on the hands significantly reduces the forward speed of the body along with the movement of the pole to the vertical. This is a typical mistake common to beginners.
In the hanging on a pole, when the pelvis passes the axis of the pole, the knees of bending legs begin to be pulled to the chest, the body comes into a horizontal position (frame 10).
From this moment, the jumper begins to energetically pull himself up in his arms and lifts the body along the pole. The legs rise high and carry the pelvis, while the body easily bends in the lower back (frame 11).
The jumper uses the elasticity of the pole to lift the body up. From the moment of transition to the vis, the pole is bent, especially when the jumper's pelvis passes its curved axis (frame 10).
At the same time as “pulling up on the arms and moving from a vis to an emphasis, the jumper begins to turn left (frames 10-11). Having moved all the way to the bent arms and turning his chest to the bar, he very vigorously wringes out. At the same time, the pole must be pulled to itself and hold the pole from the shoulder - a common mistake. When completing the push-ups on the arms extended and pushing from the pole, it is necessary to bend, lower your legs (or one leg, usually a jerk) down the bar. The pelvis rises high above the bar (frames 12, 13).
The more consistent the movement of the lowered legs and the powerful push-ups on the pole, the higher the body rises above the bar, and it will be possible to take a greater height.
Legs, pelvis, and last but not least arms, head, chest, are successively transferred through the bar over the bar (frames 12-14). In order not to upset the bar, the jumper first bends, absorbing the abdomen and chest, then bends in the chest and lumbar, takes his legs bent at the knees back and quickly raises his hands up (frame 14). Landing takes place on both legs. It is softened by a deep elastic squat and a subsequent flip to the back.
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Pole Vault Technique
The history of pole vaulting is rooted in the 4th – 3rd centuries. BC. The use of poles and staves in everyday life, at various holidays for the entertainment of youth laid the foundation for the development of this type of jumping.
In 1866, pole vaulting competitions were held for the first time in England. Weller became the winner, his result was 3.05 m. In 1896, the American U. Hoyt, using a wooden pole, won the First Olympic Games with a result of 3.30 m. The use of a bamboo pole was a new stage in improving jumps. In 1908, the American M. Wright first crossed the four-meter line - 4.02 m.
Until 1924, athletes used earthen pits to support the pole. Since 1924, a special box for staging a pole was legalized. The bamboo pole lasted until about 1945, the best record with it was 4.77 m (1942). Not particularly strong, bamboo poles often broke and injured jumpers, so metal poles made of steel and duralumin appeared. They were lightweight, comfortable, durable, but less resilient. That is why the record set with the bamboo pole lasted another 15 years. In 1957, the American jumper R. Gutowski improves the record by 1 cm, and in 1960 the American D. Bragg brings it to 4.80 m.
In 1961, fiberglass poles appeared that made a revolution in jumping technique. Lightweight, strong and resilient poles, the bending arrow of which reached one and a half meters, together with foam mats for the landing site, allowed to improve results in jumping. In 1963, the American B. Sternberg overcame a five-meter height. In 1987, S. Bubka overcomes a six-meter height. Currently, the world record also belongs to
S. Bubke and equal to 6.14 m.
Pole vaulting for women was mentioned in 1919, when German E. Behrens covered 2.10 m. After 1930, this species was banned, and women did not compete. Only in the 80s. XX century women’s pole vaults again get their rights. The women's world record in pole vaulting is 5.01 m and belongs to Russian Elena Isinbaeva (2005). It should be noted that this is her 9th world record in this sport.
Fiberglass poles are made of high-strength fiberglass, the use of which made it possible to reduce the weight of the pole and improve its elastic properties. Parts made from this material are stronger than aluminum and steel.
Pole Vault - This is an acyclic type, requiring the athlete to manifest speed-strength qualities, jumping ability, flexibility, dexterity, one of the most difficult technical types of athletics.
The pole vault technique can be divided into the following parts (Fig. 15):
Take-off run (includes setting the pole at point blank range);
Repulsion, supporting part of the jump (hanging, swinging, body extension, pulling up and pushing up);
Unsupported flight (crossing the bar);
Landing.
Fig. 15. Pole Vault
Runaway.The length of the run for pole vaults ranges from 35 to 45 m. The peculiarity of the run is that the jumper must run at the optimum speed while carrying the pole. Running should be free and elastic. The six should be held firmly, but without undue stress and try to prevent running movements of the legs and arms to cause its vibration. The pole is held with two hands at the level of the belt: the left hand of the same name with the push leg holds the pole with a grip on top, i.e. the thumb is below, the rest is above; the right hand, the upper hand in the grip, takes the opposite position, i.e. the thumb is on top, the rest is on the bottom. The angle of the lower end of the pole with respect to the horizon is individual, but it is recommended to raise it to 70 °. The grip height depends on the individual characteristics and the level of physical fitness of the athlete. With increasing skill of the jumper, the grip height increases. At a high grip level, stronger repulsion must also be performed. The distance in the grip between the right and left hand in adult jumpers reaches 50-70 cm. The takeoff speed for world-class runners is close to 10 m / s.
In the last steps of the take-off, preparation for repulsion takes place, i.e. bringing the pole forward with placing it at point-blank range in the tray (Fig. 16).
Fig. 16. The last steps and placing the pole at point blank range
Preparation for repulsion is also individual. Usually the pole is pushed forward in three steps. At the 5-4th step before repulsion, the upper end of the pole is lowered from 70 to 25-30 °. Then, at the last three steps of the take-off, the pole is directly placed at point-blank range. Here it is necessary to achieve synchronization in the performance of movements.
When translating the pole into a position in front of the chest, the leading link is the hand of the right hand, which simultaneously with the separation of the right leg from the ground (the beginning of the third step) begins to move up to the shoulder. By the time the right foot is placed on the support (end of the second step), the right hand should take a position in front of the shoulder at the chin. When setting the right foot on the support axis of the hip joint and shoulders should be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the take-off line.
Simultaneously with turning the right hand with the palm up, the left hand is placed with the elbow under the pole so that both hands in the last step can push the pole as actively as possible upward (switching from the right foot to the push leg in the first step).
At the moment of transferring the pole up and moving from the fly to the jogging, synchronous actions of the left hand and left foot should be sought. When setting the pushing leg to the repulsion site, the left hand brush should be in the highest upper position above the repulsion site.
Repulsion is facilitated by the swing of the arms from the chest and the active work of the fly leg, which, as it were, strikes the straight left hand. Athletes using this method accelerate before pushing away, have a higher grip and realize the potential of high-speed capabilities to a greater extent.
Repulsion.This phase lasts from the moment the pushing leg is placed on the support until it comes off. Repulsion in pole vaults, unlike other jumps, is performed without sweeping hand movements, as they are already pushed forward and up with the pole and the jumper is repelled by the pole, increasing its bend (Fig. 17).
Fig. 17. Repulsion and vis
During the repulsion, the jumper, without losing the speed gained in the take-off run, should try to translate the horizontal speed into vertical. The repulsion mechanism in pole vaults is similar to the repulsion in long jumps, only without the work of hands. The foot of the pushing leg is placed on top of the entire sole, while striving to actively move forward through the support with the pelvis and chest. The leg swing is shorter than in long jumps, arms, stretching, raise the pole up, after the moment of the vertical, an active effect on the pole begins. The pushing leg, straightening through the trunk and arms, actively presses the pole perpendicular to its axis. The right hand, as it were, pulls the pole down, and the left hand rests on it forward and up. Two pairs of forces are formed that bend the pole. In repulsion, the pole receives the final emphasis, shock effects are reduced due to the elastic properties of the pole and the muscular-ligamentous apparatus of the jumper. The jumper smoothly turns into a hang on a pole.
The jogging angle is approximately 60–63 °, and the repulsion angle is 75–78 °. At the same time, at the beginning of repulsion, large persistent forces arise vertically up to 600 kg, and horizontally - up to 200 kg, in the repulsion itself these forces are reduced by two to three times. The horizontal impact force when placing the pole at point-blank reaches 300-350 kg. All this places high demands on the strength training of pole vaulters.
After repulsion, the supporting part of the jump begins, in which it is possible to distinguish: vis, swing, extension of the body, pulling up and pushing up (Fig. 18).
Fig. 18. Phases in the pole vault: a - vis and swing; b - body extension
And pull-up with rotation; c - push-ups and transition over the bar
After repulsion, the jumper goes into a hang on a pole. Usually jumpers using a small deflection of a pole perform a hang on their right hand. In this position, the axis of the shoulders and pelvis deviates somewhat towards the left hand, in theory this vis is called “oblique”. Modern jumping, performed with a large bend of the pole, significantly complicates the position of the hang.
Turning the pole arc to the left after repulsion leads in most cases to a loss of balance. Transferring the weight of the jumper to the left hand, allows the athlete to avoid loss of balance and to get a more rigid system necessary for applying muscle effort to lift the jumper upside down. In the hanging, the jumper should increase the deflection of the body, leaving the jerked leg behind, and thereby stretching the muscles of the front surface of the body. The fly leg drops down to the push, the pelvis approaches the pole. In this position, the JMC is at the lowest level. After that, the jumper, using the stretched muscles of the front surface of the body, makes a quick swing of his legs, as if grouping. Then the body rises, approaching the pelvis to the hands. The pole at this time begins to straighten, giving the body of the jumper the energy of elastic deformation, while the jumper begins to unbend the body, straightening along the action of the elastic forces of the pole. It is important at this moment to precisely combine the axis of the body and the axis of the action of forces. Straightening the body, the jumper performs pull-ups on the hands until the shoulders are at the level of the grip of the upper arm. Here the pull-up ends, and the jumper proceeds to push-ups from the pole. It is important that this moment coincides with the full straightening of the pole. All actions should be directed along the axis of straightening the pole. Do not spread your legs too far apart. With the left hand, it is necessary to press the pelvis to the pole in pull-ups and push-ups, i.e. at this moment, when the body of the jumper turns around its longitudinal axis. At the beginning of the pull-up, the jumper is with his back to the bar, at the end of the pull-up is the side of the same name as the pushing leg. In push-ups, the turn is completed, and the jumper turns to the bar with his stomach. The legs are above the level of the bar, slightly bent at the hip joint. After the hands are torn off the pole, the unsupported part of the jump begins, i.e. flight, including the transition through the bar and landing.
The unsupported (flight) part of the jump continues the movement of the body of the jumper up and forward to the bar due to the inertial forces arising in the supporting part of the jump. When the MTC is above the level of the bar, the jumper actively lowers his legs behind the bar, while raising his arms up and down. These movements of the legs and arms make it possible to rotate around the GCM with the stomach to the bar. After passing the OTSM level, the jumper takes his shoulders away from the bar, trying not to touch it. Hands are at the top. After this begins the final part of the flight - preparation for landing.
If earlier jumpers paid much attention to the landing technique, since it occurred in a hole with sand or sawdust, now foam rubber mats have saved jumpers from spending time on mastering the landing, which occurs either on the legs or on the pelvis and back.
The female technique of pole vaulting in its external picture does not differ from the male technique. Naturally, the parameters of speed, strength, magnitude of pole bending, departure angles and other biomechanical characteristics are somewhat lower.
For most women, the characteristic weakness of the muscles of the abdominal press and shoulder girdle affects. Raising their legs, jumpers do not perform deep grouping and do not bring the feet to the grip and the top of the pole. The weakness of these muscle groups does not allow the coup to be carried out actively, “in one fell swoop”. This affects the weak impact on the pole, the bending of which leaves much to be desired. Inadequate grouping during extension of the body does not allow to direct the feet of the legs vertically. The athlete moves away from the pole, and the trajectory of the jump becomes flat. For many jumpers, there is not a complete turn by the chest to the bar, but partial, as a result of which they cross over the bar sideways.
Analyzing women's pole vaults, we can draw the following conclusions: good coordination abilities of women allow them to take a run while hanging, not inferior to the technique of men, but the peculiarities of the female body make it difficult to perform such technical elements on a pole as a “dump” (swing with a group) , coup, throwing the body up in the push-up phase. Particular attention when training women in pole vaults must be paid to the landing site.
TECHNIQUE JUMPING WITH A SIX
The history of pole vaulting is rooted in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. The use of poles and staves in everyday life, at various holidays for the entertainment of youth laid the foundation for the development of this type of jumping. In 1866, pole vaulting competitions were held for the first time in England. The winner was Veler, his result was 3.05 m. In 1896, the American U. Hoyt, using a wooden pole, won at the I Olympic Games with a result of 3.30 m. The use of a bamboo pole was a new stage in improving jumps. In 1908, the American M. Wright first crossed the four-meter line - 4.02 m.
Until 1924, athletes used earthen pits to support the pole. Since 1924, a special box for staging a pole was legalized. The bamboo pole lasted until about 1945, the best record with it was 4.77 m (1942). Not particularly strong, bamboo poles often broke and injured jumpers, so metal poles made of steel and duralumin appeared. They were lightweight, comfortable, durable, but less resilient. That is why the record set with the bamboo pole lasted another 15 years. In 1957, the American jumper R. Gutowski improves the record by 1 cm, and in 1960 the American D. Bragg brings it to 4.80 m.
In 1961, fiberglass poles appeared that made a revolution in jumping technique. Lightweight, strong and resilient poles, the bending arrow of which reached one and a half meters, together with foam mats for the landing site, allowed to improve results in jumping. In 1963, the American B. Sternberg overcame a five-meter height. In 1987, S. Bubka overcomes a six-meter height. Currently, the world record also belongs to S. Bubka and is equal to 6.14 m.
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POLE VAULTING
The history of pole vaulting is rooted in the 4th-3rd centuries. BC. The use of poles and staves in everyday life, at various holidays for the entertainment of youth laid the foundation for the development of this type of jumping. In 1866, pole vaulting competitions were held for the first time in England. The winner was Veler, his result was 3.05 m. In 1896, the American U. Hoyt, using a wooden pole, won at the I Olympic Games with a result of 3.30 m. The use of a bamboo pole was a new stage in improving jumps. In 1908, the American M. Wright first crossed the four-meter line - 4.02 m.
Until 1924, athletes used earthen pits to support the pole. Since 1924, a special box for staging a pole was legalized. The bamboo pole lasted until about 1945, the best record with it was 4.77 m (1942). Not particularly strong, bamboo poles often broke and injured jumpers, so metal poles made of steel and duralumin appeared. They were lightweight, comfortable, durable, but less resilient. That is why the record set with the bamboo pole lasted another 15 years. In 1957, the American jumper R. Gutowski improves the record by 1 cm, and in 1960 the American D. Bragg brings it to 4.80 m.
In 1961, fiberglass poles appeared that made a revolution in jumping technique. Lightweight, strong and resilient poles, the bending arrow of which reached one and a half meters, together with foam mats for the landing site, allowed to improve results in jumping. In 1963, the American B. Sternberg overcame a five-meter height. In 1987, S. Bubka overcomes a six-meter height. Currently, the world record also belongs to S. Bubka and is equal to 6.14 m.
Pole vaulting for women was mentioned in 1919, when the German E. Behrens covered 2.10 m. After 1930, this species was banned, and women did not compete. Only in the 80s. XX century women’s pole vaults again get their rights. The women's world record in pole vaulting is 4.80 cm and belongs to the Russian woman S. Feofanova (2003).
Fiberglass poles are made of high-strength fiberglass, the use of which made it possible to reduce the weight of the pole and improve its elastic properties. Parts made from this material are stronger than aluminum and steel.
The pole vault technique can be divided into the following parts:
- take-off run (includes pole positioning);
- repulsion, supporting part of the jump (hanging, swinging, body extension, pulling up and pushing up);
- unsupported flight (crossing the bar);
- landing.
Runaway. The length of the run for pole vaults ranges from 35 to 45 m. The peculiarity of the run is that the jumper must run at the optimum speed while carrying the pole. Running should be free and elastic. The six should be held firmly, but without undue stress and try to prevent running movements of the legs and arms to cause its vibration. The pole is held with two hands at the level of the belt: the left hand of the same name with the pushing leg holds the pole with a grip on top, that is, the thumb is on the bottom, the rest is on top; the right hand, the upper hand in the grip, takes the opposite position, i.e. the thumb is on top, the rest is on the bottom. The angle of the lower end of the pole with respect to the horizon is individual, but it is recommended to raise it to 70 °. The grip height depends on the individual characteristics and the level of physical fitness of the athlete. With increasing skill of the jumper, the grip height increases. At a high grip level, stronger repulsion must also be performed. The distance in the grip between the right and left hand in adult jumpers reaches 50 - 70 cm. The take-off speed of world-class runners is close to 10 m / s. In the last steps of the take-off, preparation for repulsion takes place, i.e. bringing the pole forward with placing it at point-blank range in the tray.
Preparation for repulsion is also individual. Usually the pole is pushed forward in three steps. At the 5-4th step before repulsion, the upper end of the pole is lowered from 70 to 25 - 30 °. Then, at the last three steps of the take-off, the pole is directly placed at point-blank range. Here it is necessary to achieve synchronization in the performance of movements.
When translating the pole into a position in front of the chest, the leading link is the hand of the right hand, which simultaneously with the separation of the right leg from the ground (the beginning of the third step) begins to move up to the shoulder. By the time the right foot is placed on the support (end of the second step), the right hand should take a position in front of the shoulder at the chin. When setting the right foot on the support axis of the hip joint and shoulders should be parallel to each other and perpendicular to the take-off line.
Simultaneously with turning the right hand with the palm up, the left hand is placed with the elbow under the pole so that both hands in the last step can push the pole as actively as possible upward (switching from the right foot to the push leg in the first step).
At the moment of transferring the pole up and moving from the fly to the jogging, synchronous actions of the left hand and left foot should be sought. When setting the pushing leg to the repulsion site, the left hand brush should be in the highest upper position above the repulsion site.
Repulsion is facilitated by the sweep of the arms from the chest and the active work of the fly leg, which seems to hit the straight left hand. Athletes using this method accelerate before repelling, have a higher grip and realize the potential of high-speed capabilities to a greater extent.
Repulsion. This phase lasts from the moment the pushing leg is placed on the support until it comes off. Repulsion in pole vaults, unlike other jumps, is performed without sweeping hand movements, since they and the pole are already pushed forward and up and the jumper is repelled as if by a pole, increasing its bend.
During the repulsion, the jumper, without losing the speed gained in the take-off run, should try to translate the horizontal speed into vertical. The repulsion mechanism in pole vaults is similar to the repulsion in long jumps, only without the work of hands. The foot of the pushing leg is placed on top of the entire sole, while striving to actively move forward through the support with the pelvis and chest. The leg swing is shorter than in long jumps, arms, stretching, raise the pole up, after the moment of the vertical, an active effect on the pole begins. The pushing leg, straightening through the trunk and arms, actively presses the pole perpendicular to its axis. The right hand, as it were, pulls the pole down, and the left hand rests on it forward and up. Two pairs of forces are formed that bend the pole. In repulsion, the pole receives final emphasis, shock effects are reduced due to the elastic properties of the pole and the muscle-ligamentous apparatus of the jumper. The jumper smoothly turns into a hang on a pole. The jogging angle is approximately 60 - 63 °, and the repulsion angle is 75 - 78 °. At the same time, at the beginning of repulsion, large persistent forces arise vertically up to 600 kg, and horizontally - up to 200 kg, in the repulsion itself these forces are reduced by two to three times. The horizontal impact force when placing the pole at point-blank reaches 300 - 350 kg. All this places high demands on the strength training of pole vaulters.
After repulsion beginssupporting part of the jump, in which it is possible to distinguish: hanging, swinging, extension of the body, pulling up and pushing up.
After repulsion, the jumper goes into a hang on a pole. Usually jumpers using a small deflection of a pole perform a hang on their right hand. In this position, the axis of the shoulders and pelvis deviates somewhat towards the left hand, in theory this vis is called “oblique”. Modern jumping, performed with a large bend of the pole, significantly complicates the position of the hang.
Turning the pole arc to the left after repulsion leads in most cases to a loss of balance. Transferring the weight of the jumper to the left hand, allows the athlete to avoid loss of balance and to get a more rigid system necessary for applying muscle effort to lift the jumper upside down. In the hanging, the jumper should increase the deflection of the body, leaving the jerked leg behind and thereby stretching the muscles of the front surface of the body. The fly leg drops down to the push, the pelvis approaches the pole. In this position, the JMC is at the lowest level. After that, the jumper, using the stretched muscles of the front surface of the body, makes a quick swing of his legs, as if grouping. Then the body rises, approaching the pelvis to the hands.
The pole at this time begins to straighten, giving the body of the jumper the energy of elastic deformation, while the jumper begins to unbend the body, straightening along the action of the elastic forces of the pole. It is important at this moment to precisely combine the axis of the body and the axis of the action of forces. Straightening the body, the jumper performs pull-ups on the hands until the shoulders are at the level of the grip of the upper arm. Here the pull-up ends and the jumper proceeds to push up from the pole. It is important that this moment coincides with the full straightening of the pole. All actions should be directed along the axis of straightening the pole. Do not spread your legs too far apart. With the left hand, it is necessary to press the pelvis to the pole in pull-ups and push-ups, i.e. at this moment, when the body of the jumper turns around its longitudinal axis. At the beginning of the pull-up, the jumper is with his back to the bar, at the end of the pull-up is the side of the same name as the pushing leg. In push-ups, the turn is completed and the jumper turns to the bar with his stomach. The legs are above the level of the bar, slightly bent at the hip joint. After the hands are torn off the pole, the unsupported part of the jump begins, i.e. flight, including the transition through the bar and landing.
Unsupported (flight) part of the jump continues to move the body of the jumper up and forward to the bar due to the inertial forces arising in the supporting part of the jump. When the MTC is above the level of the bar, the jumper actively lowers his legs behind the bar, while raising his arms up and down. These movements of the legs and arms make it possible to rotate around the GCM with the stomach to the bar. After passing the OTSM level, the jumper takes his shoulders away from the bar, trying not to touch it. Hands are at the top. After this begins the final part of the flight - preparation for landing.
If earlier jumpers paid much attention to the landing technique, since it occurred in a hole with sand or sawdust, now foam rubber mats have saved jumpers from spending time on mastering the landing, which occurs either on the legs or on the pelvis and back.
The female technique of pole vaulting in its external picture does not differ from the male technique. Naturally, the parameters of speed, strength, magnitude of pole bending, departure angles and other biomechanical characteristics are somewhat lower. For most women, the characteristic weakness of the muscles of the abdominal press and shoulder girdle affects. Raising their legs, jumpers do not perform deep grouping and do not bring the feet to the grip and the top of the pole. The weakness of these muscle groups does not allow the coup to be carried out actively, “in one fell swoop”. This affects the weak impact on the pole, the bending of which leaves much to be desired. Inadequate grouping during extension of the body does not allow to direct the feet of the legs vertically. The athlete moves away from the pole, and the trajectory of the jump becomes flat. For many jumpers, there is not a complete turn by the chest to the bar, but partial, as a result of which they cross over the bar sideways.
Analyzing women's pole vaults, we can draw the following conclusions: good coordination abilities of women allow them to take a run while hanging, not inferior to the technique of men, but the peculiarities of the female body make it difficult to perform such technical elements on a pole as a “dump” (swing with a group) , coup, throwing the body up in the push-up phase. Particular attention when training women in pole vaults must be paid to the landing site.
Metal pole
In 1936, the IAAF allowed the rules to use any material for the manufacture of poles. At the 1946 European Championships, Swedish athletes first demonstrated metal poles. They were much more convenient than wooden ones, but they could not break the world record for a long time.
The famous American athlete, a priest, who was nicknamed "the flying pastor" - Robert Richards won the Olympic Games twice on metal poles: in Helsinki (1952) - 4 m 55 cm and in Melbourne (1956) - 4 m 56 cm. Only in 1957 Robert Gutowski exceeded Cornelius Warmerdam's record by 1 cm. As a result, the result of 4 m 80 cm turned out to be a ceiling for metal poles. This record was achieved by Donald Bragg in 1960.
Plastic pole
Experiments on the manufacture of plastic poles were conducted in the United States as far back as the 1940s. At the Olympic Games in Rome (1960), the first samples of plastic poles were presented, which revolutionized this discipline. On May 20, 1961, George Davis first broke the world record on a fiberglass pole. The progress was influenced by the appearance of special materials for the manufacture of a safe landing pit. For 34 years, the world record has grown from 4.83 to 6.14 m. Fiberglass poles are able to bend, accumulating the athlete's kinetic energy so that the deflection arrow reaches 100-130 cm at a five-meter pole. Then the pole straightens, throwing the jumper to the bar. This required a complete overhaul of the jumping technique and increased requirements for athletes' speed and physical fitness.
The actual world record for pole vaults in the open air has been around for 20 years, and its mark is 6.14 meters. It was installed by the legendary Soviet athlete Sergei Nazarovich Bubka. At the time of setting the record, Sergei was a little over 30 years old. This jump was recorded on July 31 in the Italian city of Sestriere and was the 35th in the list of records of the famous athlete.
This result was an athlete from the Ukrainian city of Lugansk for eleven years. His first record jump was made in 1983 at the World Championships in Helsinki, then he took a height of 5.85 meters. Then he was not even twenty years old.
Sergey Nazarovich Bubka also set a world record for closed areas. In 1993, he jumped 6.15 meters. Only on February 15, 2014, this achievement was surpassed by the French jumper Renault Lavilleni. Who will surpass the most jumping person on the planet? This will be revealed to us by history.
As for Sergei Nazarovich himself, books can be written about him. Here are some of his achievements in sports and everyday life.
In addition to becoming the first person to jump above six meters, he set 35 world records. He was the world champion in athletics 6 times in 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1995 and in 1997. He was twice champion of the USSR in 1984 and 1985. Once won the European Championship in 1986. He won a silver medal in the international competition "Friendship - 1984".
A pupil of the famous coach of the USSR Vitaly Petrov, Sergey Bubka wandered through a harmonious combination of technology, strength and speed. His ascent to the athletics Olympus was dizzying and impetuous. Already the fifth world record has become historic. July 13, 1985 Sergei overcame the bar at around 6 meters.
But unfortunately, according to experts, Sergei was not destined to fully reveal his talent and opportunities. You can talk a lot about objective reasons. Many of his fans believe that he was unlucky and the reason lies in the desire to make the only leap that would satisfy him. Rumor has it that the famous jumper had such a jump.
Computers that recorded the jumping height at the 1991 World Cup in Tokyo recorded his jump at 6.37 meters, although the bar was set at 5.95 meters. And, although Sergei spoke for a long time, he was satisfied with his result, although unofficial.
Since 1999. Sergey Bubka was a member of the IOC Executive Committee, and in 2013 he ran for president of the IOC, but failed. It is possible that the reader has yet to see the same illustrious athlete who will break the world record 20 years ago.
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