Sports nutrition. Sports Dietetics Student competencies formed as a result of mastering the discipline “Sports Dietetics”

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It must be said right away that sports pharmacology and nutrition are now developing quite quickly, although pharmacology for athletes does not officially exist. There is no such discipline in any educational institution. The reason for this is quite clear. After all, if you start teaching sports pharmacology and write textbooks, then it will be clear to everyone that doping does not exist.

Features of the use of drugs in sports

Athletes use drugs that allow them to survive under high stress. What the body drinks during intensive training is unnatural for it. The human body does not have genes that make it possible to build up a huge mass of muscle tissue; people do not have a predisposition to develop high endurance, speed, etc.

Now we are talking about professional sports, and all the achievements achieved by athletes are unnatural. This should be well understood. Without the use of appropriate pharmacological drugs, people will not be able to achieve high results, since the body of each person has a genetically determined limit.

Nowadays, sports pharmacology and nutrition are left to sports doctors. It should be noted that of the entire medical community they represent the least enlightened part, however, logically, everything should be exactly the opposite. Most likely this is due to natural selection. Doctors practicing in clinics are responsible for people’s lives, and we can recall more than one case of scandal that arose due to the death of a patient.

In this regard, it is much easier for sports doctors. There is no such burden of responsibility hanging over them, since they have to work with healthy people. This is how natural selection happens, and sports doctors often become those people who are ready to earn little, but do nothing and not answer. Of course, such a situation requires a fundamental change.

What should be changed

It’s worth starting with the very concept of “doping” being abolished. But this step on the part of sports federations and committees seems unrealistic. After all, teams and athletes caught using illegal drugs pay considerable fines. Thus, it is necessary to create a procedure for challenging decisions of anti-doping commissions in court, as well as legitimize changes in penalties towards reduction. This step will solve almost half of the existing problem.

After all, when a team's head coach deliberately forces all athletes to use an ineffective drug that is easily detected during competition, and then allows all of his athletes to be tested, naturally the drug will be detected and the athletes will be disqualified. The coach then simply resigns.

In this case, there is little doubt that he was paid a decent amount. It's no secret that a team can pay significantly more for a loss than for a victory. It remains to be seen who gets the money for this.

The next step should be recognition of sports pharmacology at the official level. It should become one of the compulsory disciplines in medical and physical education institutions of higher education. It is necessary to accumulate information step by step, systematize it and subsequently apply it to the benefit of the athletes’ health, and not to the detriment. After this, society will change its position regarding sports pharmacology and nutrition.

It is important for everyone to understand that sports pharmacology cannot be separated from clinical pharmacology. In those moments when an athlete needs help in treating an injury or any other, the usual clinical studies are first carried out, the task of which is to diagnose the problem and its causes. The same thing is done in relation to ordinary people.

Every person inherits diseases from their parents, and humanity cannot avoid this at this stage of its development. Any parental disease is inherited, and only one question remains: how quickly will it manifest itself?

Every intense training session in any sport requires pharmacological support. Without this, athletes will simply lose their health without achieving results. Sports pharmacology and nutrition should be selected only after a thorough clinical examination of the athlete. In this case, it is necessary not only to focus on achieving results in the future, but also to cure existing diseases or at least try to delay the time of their development if they have been inherited.

The merger of clinical and sports medicine is long overdue. Without such a step, it is not possible to correct the current situation. Some time ago, sports pharmacology could be said to be dead. Currently, they have come to life, but its future fate depends only on us. There are only two options for the development of events.

If everything is left unchanged, then athletes will continue to suffer from inexperienced sports doctors who prescribe drugs without knowing all their properties and effects on the body. Teams and athletes will continue to pay huge fines.

If you start taking measures, the concept of “doping” will sooner or later disappear. Public opinion should also contribute to this. Only when ordinary people understand that doping does not exist will sports officials have to change something.

Watch a video about sports pharmacology:

Titula_Spotr-farma-dieta.indd 1 04/01/2008 17:44:52 titula_Spotr-farma-dieta.indd 2 04/01/2008 17:44:52 T.V. Gishchak, N.A. Gorchakova, L.M. Gunina, F.A. Iordanskaya, V.A. Kozlovsky, Yu.V. Marushko, S.A. Oleinik, E.A. Rozhkova, R.D. Seifulla, I.S. Chekman, Yu.S. Chistyakova “Dialectics” Moscow St. Petersburg Kiev 2008 titula_Spotr-farma-dieta.indd 3 04/01/2008 17:44:52 BBK (Ch) 75.0 O-53 UDC 613.72 Computer publishing house “Dialectics” Head. edited by A.V. Sleptsov Compiled by: T.V. Gishchak, N.A. Gorchakova, L.M. Gunina, F.A. Iordanskaya, V.A. Kozlovsky, Yu.V. Marushko, S.A. Oleinik, E.A. Rozhkova, R.D. Seifulla, I.S. Chekman, Yu.S. Chistyakov Edited by S.A. Oleynik, L.M. Gunina Reviewer: Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor E.B. Shustov For general questions, please contact the Dialectics Publishing House at: [email protected] , http://www.dialektika.com Oleinik, S.A. and others. O-53 Sports pharmacology and dietetics. - M.: LLC “I.D. Williams”, 2008. - 256 p. : ill. ISBN 978-5-8459-1389-0 (Russian) The book covers in detail the methods and means of modern pharmacological support for the training process and the principles of rational nutrition for athletes. The presentation is carried out taking into account the specialization and qualifications of athletes, their gender and age characteristics, the period of preparation and the orientation of the loads. In addition to medicines, descriptions and recommendations are given on the use and dosage of products of high nutritional value and biologically active food additives (BAA). The necessary attention is paid to the pharmacocorrection of a number of borderline and pathological conditions typical of athletes: overexertion syndrome, “sports” heart syndrome, climatic zone desadability, sports immunodeficiencies, injuries, etc. The manual is intended for sports doctors, coaches, students and teachers of medical universities. BBK (Ch)75.0 All names of software products are registered trademarks of their respective companies. No part of this publication may be reproduced for any purpose in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, without the written permission of Dialectics Publishing House. " Copyright © 2008 by Dialektika Computer Publishing. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. ISBN 978-5-8459-1389-0 (Russian) Sport pharm&diet.indb 4 © Computer publishing house “Dialectics”, 2008, text, design, layout 04/07/2008 18:42:24 Contents Introduction 11 Chapter 1. Pharmacological means for maintaining and increasing physical performance 15 Chapter 2. Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors 41 Chapter 3. Biologically active (dietary) supplements and their role in increasing physical performance 93 Chapter 4. Pharmacotherapy of some borderline and pathological conditions in athletes 135 Chapter 5. Correction of the immune system of athletes to maintain sports shape 171 Chapter 6. “Sports” heart syndrome and its pharmacological correction 189 Chapter 7. Principles of pharmacological correction of dysfunction of the male and female organisms 225 Conclusion 241 List of accepted abbreviations 242 Literature 245 Sport pharm&diet.indb 5 07.04 .2008 18:42:25 Contents Introduction From the publishing house “Dialectics” 11 13 Chapter 1. Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 15 1.1. Classification, rationale and principles of use of non-doping pharmacological agents in modern sports medicine 15 1.2. Basic pharmacological preparations and dietary supplements in elite sports 17 1.3. General features and characteristics of pharmacological support of physical performance among representatives of various groups of sports 25 1.5. Pharmacological provision of stages and periods of training for athletes in the macrocycle 35 1.5.1. Preparatory period 1.5.2. Competition period 1.5.3. Transition period 35 35 38 1.6. Recommendations for individual schemes of pharmacological support for sports training 38 Chapter 2. Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors 41 2.1. Basic provisions for organizing nutrition for athletes 41 2.2. Characteristics of the main food components and features of their use in sports nutrition 42 2.2.1. Proteins and features of their consumption in sports nutrition 2.2.2. Fats and features of their consumption in sports nutrition 2.2.3. Carbohydrates and features of their consumption in sports nutrition 2.2.4. Vitamins and mineral elements and features of their consumption in sports nutrition 2.2.5. Water as an indispensable component of the diet of athletes Sport pharm&diet.indb 6 42 44 46 50 57 04/07/2008 18:42:25 Contents 7 2.3. General features and nutritional characteristics of representatives of various groups of sports 60 2.4. Principles of basic nutrition and ergogenic dietetics 70 2.4.1. Features of basic nutrition for athletes 2.4.2. Features of ergogenic diet 70 72 2.5. Energy value, content of basic nutrients and daily distribution of products in the approximate diets of athletes, taking into account the periods and stages of their preparation 76 2.6. The use of dietary manipulation to correct the body weight of athletes 84 2.7. Validity of using products of increased biological value, specialized sports nutrition products and dietary supplements to improve performance 86 2.7.1. Products of increased biological value 2.7.2. Special sports nutrition products 86 88 Chapter 3. Biologically active (dietary) supplements and their role in increasing physical performance 93 3.1. General characteristics, classification of dietary supplements and recommendations for their use in the practice of sports training to improve performance 93 3.2. Adaptogenic dietary supplements 101 3.3. Actoprotective dietary supplement 102 3.4. Antioxidant dietary supplement 105 3.5. Dietary supplements containing polyunsaturated fatty acids 107 3.6. Anabolic dietary supplements 109 3.7. Dietary supplements used as plastic substrates 117 3.8. Dietary supplements to improve energy supply 122 3.9. Restorative dietary supplement 127 3.10. Dietary supplement with bioregulatory action 128 3.11. General rules for the use of dietary supplements depending on the nature of the loads 132 Sport pharm&diet.indb 7 04/07/2008 18:42:25 8 Contents Chapter 4. Pharmacotherapy of some borderline and pathological conditions in athletes 135 4.1. Methodological aspects of pharmacological correction of overexertion in athletes 135 4.2. Pharmacotherapy of sports medical pathology 144 4.2.1. Sports disease (overtraining) 4.2.2. Myocardial dystrophy 4.2.3. Hepatic pain syndrome 4.2.4. Bronchial asthma (physical effort) 4.2.5. Physical allergies 4.3. Pharmacological correction of climate-zone maladjustment 145 146 148 149 151 152 4.3.1. Pedagogical and organizational means of accelerating the body’s adaptation to new conditions 153 4.3.2. Medical and biological means of accelerating the adaptation of the athlete’s body to new conditions 154 4.4. Treatment of sports injury with pharmacological drugs 156 4.5. Pharmacological correction of osteoarthritis 163 4.5.1. Drugs with symptom-modifying effects 4.5.2. Drugs with structure-modifying action 4.5.3. External means 4.5.4. Glucocorticoids 4.5.5. Dietary supplements in the complex treatment of chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system 163 164 166 167 168 Chapter 5. Correction of the immune system of athletes to maintain athletic shape 171 5.1. The influence of pharmacological drugs on immunological reactivity 172 5.2. Pharmacological correction of sports (secondary) immunodeficiencies 174 5.3. Immunological deficiency of athletes and indications for the use of immunotropic drugs 181 Sport pharm&diet.indb 8 04/07/2008 18:42:25 9 Contents Chapter 6. “Sports” heart syndrome and its pharmacological correction 189 6.1. Etiology, pathogenesis, ECG manifestations, clinical features 189 6.2. Morphology of the “athletic” heart 197 6.3. Features of ECG in athletes 201 6.3.1. Physiological hypertrophy 6.3.2. Pathological hypertrophy 6.3.3. ECG at various stages of training of athletes 202 205 205 6.4. State of the autonomic nervous system 210 6.5. Clinical characteristics of a “sports” heart 211 6.5.1. Pathological “athletic” heart 6. 5.2. Acute cardiac overstrain 6.5.3. Chronic cardiac overstrain 6.5.4. State of the cardiovascular system after stopping training 6.5.5. Athletic heart and connective tissue dysplasia 6.6. Pharmacotherapy of cardiac dysfunction in athletes 211 212 213 214 215 219 Chapter 7. Principles of pharmacological correction of dysfunction of the male 225 and female organisms 7.1. Erectile dysfunctions in athletes and principles of their pharmacological correction 225 7.2. Morphofunctional capabilities of women in the process of long-term and acute adaptation to the extreme loads of modern sports and the main approaches to its pharmacological correction 230 7.3. Pharmacological correction of premenstrual syndrome in female athletes 238 Conclusion 241 List of accepted abbreviations 242 Literature 245 Sport pharm&diet.indb 9 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Sport pharm&diet.indb 10 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Introduction Modern sports science requires the development and use of adequate pharmacological provision for maintaining and increasing physical performance, accelerating the processes of adaptation to ultra-intense physical activity, especially in elite sports, preventing overtraining and sports injuries. The huge variety of existing means of pharmacological support of physical performance necessitates their systematization and knowledge of the mechanisms of influence and the main points of application. Pharmacology of sports medicine (or sports pharmacology) is a relatively new, but very actively progressing in recent years area of ​​clinical and experimental pharmacology. Sports pharmacology is aimed at the development, study and practical implementation of medicines and biologically active dietary supplements to increase the adaptation of athletes to ultra-intense physical activity, and one of the main tasks of this discipline is the identification and correction of factors limiting the physical performance of athletes (Seifulla, 1998). Methods of pharmacological support of motor activity should take into account the specialization and qualifications of athletes, their gender and age characteristics and be applied depending on the period of preparation and the focus of the loads. In connection with the improvement and tightening of doping control, it is extremely important that medications and nutritional supplements, which are very widely used in sports, do not contain substances included in the WADA Prohibited List (World Anti-Doping Agency), while providing a pronounced ergogenic effect. Unfortunately, many issues of pharmacological support for sports activity and increasing physical performance throughout the world have become a “carefully guarded secret” (Didur, 2002), which explains the current lack of reliable and objective information in the specialized literature. Currently, the training system in sports, especially at the highest levels, is characterized by extremely high training and competitive loads, which are accompanied by a high level of emotional stress. It is quite natural that such high loads are a powerful factor in mobilizing the body’s functional reserves, stimulating intensive adaptation processes, increasing endurance, strength, speed abilities and, naturally, increasing sports results. At the same time, rational nutrition plays an important role in increasing physical performance, preventing fatigue and accelerating recovery processes after physical activity. Therefore, modern elite sports are characterized by an increased role of dietary factors in the system of means and methods that ensure a high level of performance of an athlete throughout his career. Changing the structure of the training process required special attention to the organization of nutrition at different stages of the annual training cycle and during competitions. The introduction of two- and three-time training sessions significantly changed the diet of highly qualified athletes, and the improvement of training methods led to a significant increase in the body’s energy consumption. Identification of metabolic features in the process of assimilation of nutrients at the cellular and subcellular level made it possible to determine the athlete’s needs for individual components of the diet, establish their optimal ratios necessary to increase physical performance, accelerate the processes of adaptation to stress and the influence of negative environmental factors, and activate the body’s recovery processes . There was a need for adequate compensation of expended energy by increasing the energy value of food, which, in turn, necessitated the creation of specialized nutrition for athletes, the development of special products of increased nutritional value and biologically active (dietary) food additives (BAAs) as important nutritional factors of ergogenic orientation . Thus, in modern sports medical science and practice there is a merging of pharmacology and nutrition, the main points of which are highlighted in this manual. Finally, a number of borderline and pathological conditions that are typical for athletes require specific pharmacological correction: overexertion syndrome, climatic-zone disadaptation, sports immunodeficiencies, sports injuries, osteoarthritis, “sports” heart syndrome, erectile dysfunction in men, menstrual irregularities and premenstrual syndrome in women. The main approaches to the pharmacological correction of these conditions are also presented on the pages of this book. The manual is intended for sports doctors, coaches, students and teachers of medical universities. The authors will gratefully accept critical comments and constructive suggestions from readers. Sport pharm&diet.indb 12 04/07/2008 18:42:26 13 Introduction From the Dialectics Publishing House You, the reader of this book, are its main critic. We value your opinion and want to know what we did right, what we could have done better, and what else you would like to see us publish. We are interested in any comments you may have about us. We are waiting for your comments and hope for them. You can send us a letter or email, or simply visit our web server and leave your comments there. In a word, in any way convenient for you, let us know whether you like this book, and also express your opinion on how to make our books more interesting for you. When sending a letter or message, be sure to include the title of the book and its authors, as well as your return address. We will carefully review your opinion and be sure to take it into account when selecting and preparing for publication of new books. Our email addresses: E-mail: WWW: [email protected] http://www.dialektika.com Our mailing addresses: in Russia: in Ukraine: Sport pharm&diet.indb 13 127055, Moscow, st. Lesnaya, 43, building 1 03150, Kyiv, PO Box 152 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Sport pharm&diet.indb 14 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Chapter 1 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 1.1. Classification, rationale and principles for the use of non-doping pharmacological agents in modern sports medicine Pharmacological correction is aimed at improving the physical performance of athletes and their adaptation to increasing physical and psycho-emotional stress; it solves a variety of therapeutic, preventive and pedagogical problems. In other words, the objectives of sports pharmacology are: correction of metabolic disorders to maintain and increase the physical performance of athletes; increasing the adaptive stability and immunological resistance of the body to the effects of intense and prolonged physical activity and psychological stress; correction of adaptation to the athlete’s temporary and zone stay in various geographical zones, primarily with an unfavorable climate; optimization of recovery processes after loads of various directions, volume and intensity; prevention (and, if necessary, treatment) of overexertion and diseases associated with the influence of physical activity. Sport pharm&diet.indb 15 04/07/2008 18:42:26 16 CHAPTER 1 This range of tasks dictates the need to use a large number of pharmacological agents that affect the most diverse parts of metabolism in the athlete’s body. Pharmacological drugs used in the practice of sports training, according to their mechanism of action and influence on certain metabolic processes (Makarova, 2003), are divided as follows. 1. Means that promote the creation of optimal conditions for accelerating the natural processes of post-load recovery by improving the functional state of natural detoxification organs - the urinary and hepatobiliary systems (detoxicants, antioxidants, rehydrants, hepatotropic agents, primarily cholekinetics and hepatoprotectors) and artificially accelerating the processes of after-load restoration due to metabolization, excretion and binding of toxic metabolites (sorbents, hepatoprotectors, immunomodulators, antioxidants; vitamins, macro- and microelements, including vitamin-mineral complexes; agents for improving renal blood flow). 2. Means that provide the body with increased needs in conditions of intense muscular activity for basic food ingredients (vitamins, macro- and microelements, including vitamin-mineral complexes; regulators of protein metabolism or plastic substrates - amino acids and protein hydrolysates; regulators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism , anabolic agents). 3. Means that improve the tolerance of training and competitive loads (antioxidants, antihypoxants, adaptogens, including biogenic stimulants, anabolic agents; means for correcting energy supply; regulators of neuropsychic status (psychomotor stimulants, sedatives and nootropics, neuroprotectors); drugs for the correction of microcirculation and the rheological state of the blood (disaggregants); stimulants of hematopoiesis; immunomodulators; means that specifically regulate the acid-base balance of the body - pH). It should be taken into account that any pharmacological agents, the action of which is aimed at increasing physical performance and “optimizing” recovery processes (according to M.D. Didur, optimization can include both acceleration and physiological normalization of the speed of their occurrence), are little or completely ineffective if the athlete has pre-pathological conditions or subclinical diseases, as well as in the absence of adequate dosage of physical activity. Without reliable regular medical-biological and pedagogical testing, it is very difficult to correctly dose physical activity that simultaneously meets the tasks of a certain training period (stage) and the capabilities of the athlete’s body. Sport pharm&diet.indb 16 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 17 When using various means of pharmacological support for sports activities, one should clearly understand which metabolic unit they influence, what are the mechanisms of their action and, ultimately As a result, what is the nature of the influence on the effectiveness of the training process. You should also take into account contraindications to the use of various pharmacological agents, their interactions, and possible side effects. Regarding pharmacological agents to improve physical performance, it is necessary to pay attention to such parameters of the action of drugs as immediate, cumulative and delayed effects, as well as differentiated effects on power, capacity, efficiency and marketability. It is very important to evaluate the effectiveness of the pharmacological agents used depending on the period (stage) of the training cycle and specialization, the level of sports qualifications, the nature of the energy supply of training and competitive loads, the initial functional state of the athlete’s body, as well as anthropometric and age-sex characteristics. Taking into account all of the above, it is clear that the prescription of pharmacological means of increasing sports performance should be carried out jointly by a sports doctor and a coach, and the assessment of the effectiveness of use should be under constant medical, biological and pedagogical control. It is important that the use of a complex of ergogenic pharmacological agents is advisable and most effective if it is not constant, but is used during microcycles of preparation, and medications and dietary supplements vary taking into account the tasks. Based on this, the training method should remain the main link in achieving optimal physical performance, and pharmacological correction should be an auxiliary, although very important, component. And, of course, it should be remembered that only registered drugs can be prescribed to an athlete, as well as drugs that are not prohibited for use by the IOC Medical Commission (not included in the WADA 2008 Prohibited List). 1.2. Main pharmacological preparations and dietary supplements in elite sports Adaptogens are natural low-toxic biologically active substances (medicines and dietary supplements) that increase the body’s resistance to adverse (extreme) environmental factors, such as physical and psychological stress, stress, hypoxia, heat , cold, Sport pharm&diet.indb 17 04/07/2008 18:42:26 18 CHAPTER 1 overcoming climatic zones, etc. The nonspecific action of adaptogens is determined by an increase in resistance to the harmful effects of a wide range of factors of a physical, chemical and biological nature. Adaptogens have a positive effect on the processes of excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system, thereby exerting a normalizing effect on the body, regardless of the direction of undesirable changes. Biogenic stimulants, the exact chemical structure of which has not been definitively established, are fundamentally different from adaptogens. They have a stimulating effect on the body as a whole, as well as on reparative and sexual functions. Biogenic stimulants are prepared from animal or plant raw materials and are registered as medicines or biologically active food additives. Nootropic drugs are drugs that have a direct activating effect on the ability to learn, improve mental activity and memory (mnestic effect), including motor, and also increase the resistance of brain tissue to stressors (neuroprotectors). A characteristic property of nootropic drugs is their antihypoxic activity. Nootropics stimulate the learning process, facilitate the transfer of information between the hemispheres of the brain, normalize cerebral circulation, enhance energy processes in the brain, and increase the ability to learn new complexly coordinated motor skills. Antihypoxants improve the body's utilization of oxygen and reduce the need for it in organs and tissues, increasing resistance to hypoxia. The prophylactic use of antihypoxic drugs can be considered as a measure aimed at accelerating the recovery process of athletes. Antioxidants either directly bind free radicals or stimulate the body's own antioxidant system. The mandatory inclusion of this group of drugs in complex pharmacological correction is due to their proven properties of correcting impaired energy metabolism and increasing physical performance. Plastic action drugs are pharmacological preparations, biologically active substances and dietary supplements, which at all stages of sports training affect biosynthetic processes, especially the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins in the body of athletes. The anabolic process ensures an increase in plastic resources (restoration of proteins, carbohydrates and fats that have disintegrated in the process of vital activity). Permitted anabolic agents include some pharmacological drugs, products of animal origin (including bee products - they are discussed below), homeopathic remedies, and dietary supplements. Beekeeping products today are mainly represented in Ukraine by Apilak tablets, a preparation made from dried royal jelly. Sport pharm&diet.indb 18 04/07/2008 18:42:26 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 19 One tablet, taken in the morning once a day, contains 10 mg of the active substance. Other countries produce royal jelly preparations that are not registered in Ukraine, such as Apiserum (France), Apifortil (Germany), Longivex (Canada), Lacapnis (Bulgaria), Epirginol, Phytadon, Melcalcin (Romania). It should be noted that fresh royal jelly is more effective than dried royal jelly. Apigum chewing gum is produced in Romania. Products made from pollen that are not registered in Ukraine, such as the Politabs-sport dietary supplement, are recommended for weightlifting and to speed up recovery in other sports. According to French scientists, pollen accelerates growth and weight gain, and increases appetite. Pollen never causes allergies or the formation of antibodies in the body. In Russia, flower pollen is produced in tablets weighing 0.4 g called “Cernilton”, which is taken 2 tablets three times a day before meals. Flower pollen is also available in granules. The minimum daily dose should be at least 2.5 g. Pollen and royal jelly should not be taken orally, because they are destroyed in the stomach by digestive juices. Therefore, these drugs are taken only sublingually (under the tongue), where they are absorbed into the blood, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. Means of energy action (energizers), including macroergs - biologically active substances, which, on the one hand, themselves are donors of energy products (ATP, glucose, creatine, L-carnitine, etc.), and on the other hand, indirectly increase the endogenous content in the body biomacromolecules that are involved in muscle contraction (hormones, metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and many others). Energetic agents help restore and create energy depots, increase glycogen reserves, and accelerate the transport of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to mitochondria. ATP, creatine phosphate and glucose are the energy sources in the anaerobic-aerobic performance zone. During prolonged physical work, they activate glycolysis. Certain foods, homeopathic remedies, a number of pharmacological preparations, dietary supplements, products of increased biological value: honey, bee bread, nuts, pollen and preparations made from them can influence the bioenergetics of muscle contraction; they significantly increase the physical performance of athletes. Immunomodulators are used to maintain an adequate state of the body's immune system, the protective properties of which are often reduced during intense physical and psycho-emotional stress inherent in elite sports. Frequent changes in climate and time zones also cause immunosuppression. Suppression of the immune system indirectly affects physical performance (not to mention susceptibility to infections). It is preferable to use low-toxic herbal preparations as immunomodulators. Sport pharm&diet.indb 19 04/07/2008 18:42:26 20 CHAPTER 1 Enterosorbents have become an integral component of maintaining physical performance, since they bind and remove from the body toxic substances accumulated during intense muscular work that can negatively affect the cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune systems. system and hematopoiesis. Hematological homeostasis in the body is supported by hematopoietic stimulants, as well as means to improve microcirculatory processes and the rheological state of the blood (disaggregants). This group of pharmacological agents stimulates erythropoiesis, increasing the number of red blood cells - hemoglobin carrier cells, and also ensures normal blood flow in small blood vessels, maintaining oxygen transport at a level adequate to physical activity. The main representatives of the listed groups of non-doping pharmacological agents used in sports medicine to improve performance include the following drugs and dietary supplements (Table 1.1). Table 1.1. Main groups of drugs used at the stages of training athletes Name of pharmacological group Pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements 1 General tonics, adaptogens Panax ginseng, Rhodiola rosea (golden root), Aralia manchurian, Zamaniha (Echinopanax tall), Leuzea safflower (maral root), Eleutherococcus senticosus, Schisandra chinensis, *RUS OLYMPIC (Russia, dietary supplement), *Alivit (a preparation containing pollen), *Elton, *Leveton, *Phytoton, *Adapton, Pantocrin, Cigapan, liquid aloe extract, Solcoseryl, Actovegin, Mumiyo, sea buckthorn oil , rosehip oil 2 Nootropics of metabolic action Aminolon (Gammalon), Ginkgo biloba and preparations based on it (Memoplant, Bilobil, Tanakan, etc.), Phezam, Glycine, Cerebrolysin, Picamilon, *Ligam, Actovegin, Nootropil (Piracetam), Encephabol, Phenibut, Sodium hydroxybutyrate, *Neuro-butal, Pantogam Neuroprotectors Acetyl-L-carnitine (L-carnitine), Phosphatidyl-serine, Pentoxifylline, Vinpocetine (Vincamine), Nicergoline, Vinconate, Nimodipine (Cinnarizine, Flunarizine), Mexidol and other antioxidants ( Dibunol, *Exifon, *Tirilazide mesylate, *Pyritinol, *Meclofenoxate, Atherovit, Tocopherol acetate), Glycine, *Biotredin 3 Actoprotectors Optimizer, Bemitil (*Bemaktor), Antihot, *Tomerzol, ATFLONG 4 Antihypoxants *Olifen (hypoxen), Cytomac (cytochrome C), Mexidol, *Mexicor, Cardonate, Reamberin, Limontar, Melatonin, Quercetin, Corvitin Sport pharm&diet.indb 20 07. 04.2008 18:42:26 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 21 Continuation of the table. 1.1 Name of the pharmacological group Pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements 5 Antioxidants Ceruloplasmin, Dibunol (ionol), Tocopherol acetate, *Epadol, Essentiale-forte, Lipin, YantarIn, glutamic acid, Actovegin, Kratal, Vitam, Cardioplant, *Exifon, *Tirylazide mesylate, *Pyritinol , *Meclofenoxate, Atherovit, *TAD-600 (Tationine), *Biotad, *Epargresiovit 6 Vitamins Vitamins A and B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, Calcium pantothenate, folic acid, nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide (vitamin PP) , Rutin and Ascorutin Minerals *BioManganese, *Zinkas and Zinkas forte, Zincteral, *BioZinc, Zincit, *Zincuprin ol and *Zincuprin forte, *BioCopper, *Oligogal selenium, Selenium-Active, Triovit, *Selenochel, *Oxytex, *Asmag forte, *BioMagnesium, Magne B6, Magnesol, *Magnerot, *Chromohel, Chroma picolinate, Sorbifer durulex, *Maltofer, Tardiferon, FerroFolgamma, *BioPotassium, *Potassium-normine, Calcium gluconate, Calcium lactate, Vitrum Calcium +, Vitamin D3, CalciumD3 Nycomed, Calcium-Sandoz forte, *Iodine-Active Vitamin complexes Biovital, Van-e-day maximum, Vitamount for women and Vitamount for men, Vitamax-plus with antioxidants, Vitamin-15 Solko, Vitalux, Vitrum and Vitrum plus, Geriavit Pharmaton, Geriamin, Glutamevit, Kvadevit, *GumetR, Duovit, Ipkavit-M, *Epargresiovit Vitamin and mineral complexes Kal-s-vita, Beresha Plus drops, *Kobidek N, Materna, Mistermin, Multibionta plus calcium and magnesium, Multibionta Junior, Nutrisan, Ol-Amin Oligovit, Pedivit Forte, Plenil, Polivit geriatric, Supradin Rosh, Triovit, Walsh Polivit for adults, Upsavit Multivitamin, Fenyuls, Ferro-vital, Ferromax, Ferro-Folgamma, Centrum, Endur VM, Unicap M 7 Immunomodulators Interferon , Laferon, Cycloferon, *Proleukin, Levamisole, Immunal, Ribomunil, Bronchomunal, Echinacea, T-activin, Thymogen 8 Plastic action agents Potassium orotate, Methyluracil, Sorbitol, Fructose, Aminosol, Lipofundin, Intralipid, Infuzolipol, *Bodiform, *Detox+ , *Lifelac, Aminon, Alvezin, Ecdisten and preparations containing Leuzea safflower extract (Leveton, Adapton), *Dymatize Super amino 4800, *Aminoven Infan, Riboxin (*Inosie-F), “Energomax Tribulus”, * Tribesterone 1500 (TribeSterone 1500), *Bemitil, Antihot, “Energomax Carnimin”, “Energomax Pantogan”, *SyntraEC, Max-Amino, amino acids (USA, dietary supplement) 9 Macroergi *Esaphosphine (Esafosina, Italy, Biomedica Foscama, drug), *Repolar (Repolar, Italy, Biomedica Foscama, dietary supplement), *Dimephosphone, *Phosphaden (Adenosine mono-phosphate, Adenil, Fosfostimol), Neoton (Phosphocreatine, Neoton), ATP-LONG Sport pharm&diet.indb 21 07. 04.2008 18:42:26 22 CHAPTER 1 End of table. 1.1 Name of the pharmacological group Pharmaceuticals and dietary supplements Other energy products - L-carnitine (as well as *Elcar® and *Carnifit®, which are 20% and 10% solutions of L-carnitine, respectively), *SWOLE, *Neovis (NEOVIS, NEOVIS Plus and NEOVIStres), Coenzyme Q10, “Coenzyme Q10 Super Potency”, *Nitrix (Nitrix, BSN and Nitrox II, Sci Fit), *Methoxy-7, *Ipriflavone , Panangin (asparkam), Actovegin-forte (solcoseryl), Mildronate, succinic acid preparations, such as YantarIn and YantariInDetox, Sodium succinate (succinic acid salt; its Russian analogues: *mitomite, *yantovit, *enerlit), *Isostar ), Speed ​​Booster and Speed ​​Booster plus one (Speed ​​Booster), *Series “Fit Active” and “Fit Active with L-Carnitine” (Feet Active, Feet Active with L-Karnitine), *Cell Max, adaptogens of plant and animal origin 10 11 12 Enterosorbents Atoxil, *Attapulgite, Belosorb-P, *Carbadon® and *Carbadon®M, *Panzisorb, Polysorb MP, *Silard, *Ensoral, Enterosgel, Enterosorbent Other restorative agents Stimol, *Aerobitin, *Secretagog-1, *ZMA (ZMA), Antilactate Disaggregants Xanthinol nicotinate (Complamin), Pentoxifylline (Agapurin, Trental), Cavinton, Lipin, Instenon, Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole (Curantil), *Abciximab, *Eptifibatide (Integrilin), *Tirofiban (Agrostat), *Lamifiban, *Prefolic Stimulators of hematopoiesis (erythropoiesis) Ceruloplasmin, Rhythmocor; multivitamin complexes; preparations containing iron (aloe syrup with iron, Ferroplex, Tardiferon, *Fefol-vit, Hemofer, *Feramide, Venofer, iron fumarate, Ferbitol, *Ferkoven, Ferrum-lek, *Feracryl, *Ferlatum, *Ferlixide); beekeeping products Hepatotropic drugs Antral, Galstena, Gepabene, Hepar Compositum, Hepatofalkplanta, Heptral, Zixorin, lipoic acid, Legalon, Leprotek, Silymarin-Hexal®, Thiotriazolin, Flamin, Phospholip, Holagogum, Holiver, Hofitol, Citrarginine, Essentiale and Essentiale forte Note . Products that are not registered in Ukraine are marked with an asterisk. The following drugs are the most preferred for use in modern sports training practice. 1. Among the general tonics and adaptogens is Schisandra chinensis, which has a pronounced psychostimulating effect; products based on Leuzea safflower (maral root) and “RUS OLYMPIC”, which have an anabolic effect due to the presence of ecdysteroids in their composition; Cigapan, which is also a source of microelements; Solcoseryl, which has a reparative effect, and Actovegin, which has Sport pharm&diet.indb 22 07. 04.2008 18:42:26 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 23 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. antihypoxic effect. The drugs in this group have practically no contraindications; undesirable effects may result in the development of psychomotor agitation (especially characteristic of Schisandra chinensis), so it is advisable to take them in the first half of the day. Among the nootropic drugs with metabolic action are ginkgo biloba and drugs based on it (Memoplant, Bilobil, Tanakan, etc.), the distinctive feature of which is a pronounced positive effect on cerebral circulation, as well as a direct antioxidant effect); Glycine, which has a sedative effect; Phenibut, which has a sedative and anti-stress effect; Sodium hydroxybutyrate, which has a sedative and hypnotic, and with prolonged use, an anabolic effect; Neurobutal (distinctive feature - improvement of “fighting” qualities, increase in aggressiveness). Among the neuroprotectors, the most preferred are Acetyl-L-carnitine, Pentoxifylline, Vinpocetine (Vincamine, Nicergoline, Vinconate), Mexidol and other antioxidants, primarily Dibunol, *Exifon, *Tirilazide mesylate, *Pyritinol. Among the few representatives of the actoprotector class are Optimizer (Ukraine, dietary supplement, emergency actoprotector), Bemitil (*Bemaktor), Antihot (the most effective actoprotector with cumulative action), *Tomerzol. Bemitil and Antichot are especially effective against the background of a high-carbohydrate diet and the simultaneous use of Eleutherococcus preparations and branched hydrocarbon chain amino acids (BCAA); incompatible with barbiturates. In general, drugs in this group have very low toxicity. Among the antihypoxants are * Olifen (Hypoxen), Cytomac (Cytochrome C), Mexidol (* Mexicor), Limontar, Quercetin (Corvitin). Among the antioxidants, which are representatives of different pharmacological groups of medications, are Ceruloplasmin (a drug for intravenous drip), Dibunol (Ionol), Tocopherol acetate, Aevit, *Epadol, YantarIn, *Exifon, *Tirilazide mesylate, *Pyritinol, *TAD-600 and *Biotad, containing reduced glutathione, *Epargresiovit (in the form of an injection solution). Among the vitamin preparations are vitamins A and B, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, folic acid, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (vitamin PP), rutin and ascorutin. Vitamin preparations are low-toxic, but you should remember that toxic effects of fat-soluble vitamins (A and D) are possible, so you should not exceed their recommended doses! Among the mineral complexes are *BioManganese, *Zinkas and Zinkas forte, Zincteral, *BioZinc, Zincite, *Zincuprin and *Zincuprin forte, *BioCopper, *Selenochel, *Oxitex, *Asmag forte, *BioMagnesium, Magne B6, Sport pharm&diet.indb 23 04/07/2008 18:42:26 24 CHAPTER 1 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Sport pharm&diet.indb 24 * Magnesol, * Magnerot, * Chromohel, Sorbifer durulex, Maltofer, Tardiferon, Ferro-foil, * BioPotassium, Vitrum Calcium +, vitamin D3, Calcium-D3 Nycomed, Calcium-Sandoz forte, *Iodine-Active; Among the vitamin complexes are Biovital, Van-e-day maximum, Vitamount for women and Vitamount for men, Vitamax plus with antioxidants, Vitamin-15 Solko, Vitrum and Vitrum plus, Duovit, *Epargresiovit. It should be remembered that some trace elements (zinc, manganese, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, selenium) exhibit toxic effects in overdose, so the recommended doses should not be exceeded. It is advisable to prescribe monopreparations of microelements under the control of the content of the corresponding microelements in the blood. Among the vitamin and mineral complexes are Cal-s-vita (Switzerland), Beresha Plus drops, *Kobidek N, Supradin Rosh, Ferro-foilgamma, Centrum. When prescribing these drugs, you should remember the danger of an overdose of fat-soluble vitamins and some microelements! Among the immunomodulators are Interferon, Laferon (Biopharma, Ukraine) and Cycloferon, *Proleukin, Immunal, Ribomunil, Bronchomunal, Echinacea, Immunoton, T-activin. Among the means of plastic action are Potassium Orotate, Fructose, Aminosol, Lipofundin, *Bodyform, *Detox+, *Lifeflak, Aminon, Alvezin, “RUS OLYMPIC”, *Dymatize Super amino 4800, *Aminoven Infant, *SintraES ( SyntraEC), *Inosie-F (more effective than all other inosine preparations), Energomax Tribulus, *Tribesterone 1500 (TribeSterone 1500), *Bemitil, Antihot, Energomax Carnimine, Energomax Pantogan, BCSA-Extra. Among the macroergs are *Esaphosphine, Neoton (Phosphocreatine, Neoton), *Repolar, *Phosphaden (Adenosine mono-phosphate, Adenil, Fosfostimol), ATP-LONG. Other means of energy action include L-carnitine (as well as *Elkar® and *Carnifit®, which are 20% and 10% solutions of L-carnitine, respectively), *SWOLE, *Neovis (NEOVIS, NEOVIS plus and NEOVIStres) , Coenzyme Q10, Coenzyme Q10 Super Potency, *Nitrix (Nitrix, BSN and Nitrox II, Sci Fit), *Methoxy-7, *Ipriflavone, Mildronate, succinic acid-based products, such like YantarIn and YantariIn-Detox, *Isostar, *Speed ​​Booster and Speed ​​Booster one (Speed ​​Booster, Weider), *Series “Fit Active” and “Fit Active with L-carnitine” (Feet Active, Feet Active with L -Karnitine), *Cell Max. Among the enterosorbents are Enterosgel (a highly effective enterosorbent based on silicon polyoxide), Belosorb-P, *Carbadon® and *Carbadon®-M, *Ensoral (all four drugs are fifth-generation carbon enterosorbents), *Panzisorb (a combined preparation of carbon enterosorbent with digestive enzymes ). There are practically no contraindications to the use of enterosorbents, but the course, 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 25 15. 16. 17. 18. as a rule, should not exceed two weeks to avoid removal of vitamins and microelements. Among the restorative agents are Stimol, Antilactate, Aerobithin, Secretogog one, ZMA. Stimol, Antilactate and Aerobitin are especially effective for athletes specializing in cyclic sports, and Secretagog-1 and ZMA are effective “night” restorers. There are practically no contraindications to the use of drugs in this group. Among the disaggregants are Ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, acetylsalicylic acid, *Abciximab, *Eptifibatide (Integrilin), *Tirofiban (Agrostat), *Lamifiban, *Prefolic, Trental. It should be remembered that among acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) preparations, it is better to give preference to Canadian-made products. Among the stimulators of hematopoiesis (erythropoiesis) are Ceruloplasmin, *Ferlixit, preparations containing iron (aloe syrup with iron, Tardiferon, *Fefol-vit, Hemofer, *Feramide, Venofer, iron fumarate, Ferbitol, *Ferkoven, Ferrum-lek, *Feracryl , *Ferlatum, *Ferlixit). A combination of Ceruloplasmin with iron supplements (for example, Ferlixit) is rational. Hematopoiesis stimulants should be used under hematological control. Among the hepatotropic drugs are Antral, Galstena, Citrarginine (participates in the neutralization of ammonia), Gepabene, Hepar compositum (a homeopathic drug), Hepatofalk-planta, Heptral (has, in addition to hepatoprotective, antidepressant properties), Zixorin (an inducer of the system of microsomal liver enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics), lipoic acid, Legalon, Leprotek, SilymarinHexal®, Thiotriazolin, Flamin, Phospholip, Holagogum, Holiver, Hofitol, Essentiale and Essentiale forte (phospholipid hepatoprotectors). A combination of two or three hepatoprotectors with different mechanisms of action is rational. When prescribing drugs from this group, one should especially take into account not only the sports specialization and the period of preparation, but also the individual characteristics of each athlete: for example, phospholipid hepatoprotectors are contraindicated for cholestasis. 1.3. General features and features of pharmacological support of physical performance in representatives of various groups of sports Physical activity in accordance with the classifications of sports (by the nature of activity, duration of work, belonging to team or individual competitions) is divided into five main groups or groups of Olympic sports (Platonov, 2004). Sport pharm&diet.indb 25 04/07/2008 18:42:27 26 CHAPTER 1 Cyclic sports require predominantly endurance. They combine speed endurance with good coordination of movements. Cyclic sports include the running disciplines of athletics, swimming, rowing, kayaking and canoeing, cycling, short track, as well as winter sports - skating, cross-country skiing. The main functional system is the cardiorespiratory (cardiovascular and respiratory systems), which provides the neuromuscular system. These sports require metabolic support, appropriate specialized nutrition and drinking (maintaining water balance), especially during marathon distances, when energy sources switch from carbohydrates (macroergic phosphates, glycogen, glucose) to lipids and a real threat of dehydration of the body is created. Control of hormonal status is essential both in predicting and in the process of correcting performance using pharmacological drugs. Of the pharmacological agents, energy sources are primarily needed: high-energy phosphates, glycogen and glucose, metabolites of the Krebs cycle, as well as plastic agents, vitamin-mineral complexes. Speed-strength sports, the distinctive feature of which is explosive, short-term and very intense physical activity. Speed-strength events include weightlifting, track and field jumping and throwing, and winter sports - ski jumping. The main functional system is the neuromuscular system, which provides the cardiorespiratory system. All throwers and weightlifters require special control over specialized nutrition and a shift from the catabolic phase of metabolism to the anabolic phase without the use of prohibited steroids and somatotropin, which is achieved by using anabolic agents, high-energy phosphates and other energizers, plastic substrates. Also mandatory are drugs or dietary supplements, the action of which is aimed at reducing the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes (antioxidants), and adaptogens of plant origin, which contain physiologically active substances with antioxidant action. Combat sports, a characteristic feature of which in the expenditure of energy is an inconsistent, cyclical level of physical activity, depending on the specific conditions of competition and sometimes reaching very high intensity. Martial arts include boxing, fencing, freestyle wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling, judo, and taekwondo. The main functional system is the neuromuscular system, which provides the cardiorespiratory system. Sport pharm&diet.indb 26 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 27 The use of approved anabolic agents (Ecdisten, etc.) and sources of complete protein is effective. It should also be taken into account that these sports in most cases are quite traumatic, which can cause disturbances in microcirculation and metabolic processes in the brain, so nootropic drugs and antiplatelet agents, such as Pentoxifylline (Trental), Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole ( Curantil), Tirofiban (Agrostat), Prefolic (Italy, the drug is not registered in Ukraine), etc., as well as the new generation drug Abciximab (ReoPro), which is a monoclonal antibody, it is obtained by a biotechnological method and has a pronounced affinity for platelet receptors, which ensures powerful, very fast and long-lasting antiaggregative effect (not registered in Ukraine). Game sports, or sports games, are characterized by a large physical and neuropsychological load, the presence of complex coordination movements, elements of martial arts against the background of intense gaming thinking with a significant load on the upper and lower extremities, as well as a constant alternation of intense muscular activity and rest. Game types include basketball, badminton, baseball, softball, handball, football, water polo, field hockey, ice hockey, table tennis, beach volleyball, and curling. The main functional system is the cardio-respiratory system, which provides the neuromuscular system, visual analyzer, as well as operational gaming thinking. The tasks of pharmacological support are related to the correction of recovery processes, energy compensation, improvement of metabolic processes in the brain with the help of vitamin complexes, nootropic drugs, adaptogens of plant and animal origin, as well as antioxidants. Complex coordination sports are based on the finest elements of movement, which require significant endurance and attention, as well as on a combination of the dynamic mode of operation of some muscles with the static efforts of others. Complex coordination types include sports gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, diving, trampolining, skeet shooting, bullet shooting, archery, synchronized swimming, sailing, rowing slalom, equestrianism; winter sports - figure skating, freestyle, bobsleigh, alpine skiing, luge, snowboarding, skeleton. Of great importance is increasing mental stability with the help of herbal preparations with a calming effect (valerian, hawthorn without alcohol components, Picamilon), the use of nootropic drugs, vitamin complexes, products containing large amounts of energy substrates (liver, egg yolk, seafood, bee products, creamy and vegetable oils, etc.). Regardless of the athlete's specialization, maintaining and increasing their physical performance is key to achieving high athletic performance. Sport pharm&diet.indb 27 04/07/2008 18:42:27 28 CHAPTER 1 Factors limiting the performance of athletes include a variety of organic and functional conditions, which are accompanied by a lack of metabolites, oxygen, changes in acid-base balance, decreased reactivity of the immune system, impaired prooxidant antioxidant balance, shifts in microcirculation and the aggregate state of the blood. To correctly select pharmacological agents in case of violation of certain aspects of the functioning of the athlete’s body, you can use the following table (Table 1.2). Table 1.2. Parameters limiting human performance and principles of their pharmacological correction Parameters Mechanisms of reduction in performance and recovery Physical performance. Means for correction Suppression of the central and peripheral nervous systems Central fatigue, decreased conditioned reflex activity, speed of movement formation Sharply reduced. Adaptogens, nootropics, vitamins Insufficient functioning of the endocrine system Imbalance of metabolism (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, immunoglobulins, water, electrolytes and others) Limited. Vitamins, antioxidants, special nutrition Decreased function of the cardiovascular system, cardiac arrhythmia, microcirculation in small coronary vessels, myocardial contractility, peripheral vascular tone (with overexertion, overtraining) Reduced blood flow, oxygen transport (hypoxia) and nutrients to working muscles Absent or reduced . Cardioprotectors (inosine, creatine phosphate, triphosphadenine), antiarrhythmic drugs, bee products and others Weakening of respiratory function (with excessive physical stress) Lack of oxygen in the blood and tissues (hypoxia) Reduced. Respiratory analeptics of non-doping structure (ammonia), antihypoxants (Hypoxen, Cytochrome C), antioxidants (vitamin E, etc.), adaptogens Impaired microcirculation Decreased blood supply Sharply reduced. intensively working muscles, Antiplatelet agents, antispasmodics, tissue hypoxia, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase and adenosine receptors Changes in rheological properties and blood clotting Reduced blood flow speed, up to stasis during microthrombosis, hypercoagulation, thromboembolic conditions Sport pharm&diet.indb 28 Significantly reduced. Anticoagulants of direct and indirect action, fibrinolytic drugs, antispasmodics, nootropics 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 29 Continuation of the table. 1.2 Parameters Shifts in acid-base balance to the acidic side Reduced energy supply to working muscles Mechanisms of decreased performance and recovery Changes in blood buffer capacity, acidosis Lack of glycogen, ATP, creatine phosphate, L-carnitine, lipids, proteins Physical performance. Means for correction Moderately reduced. Preparations that shift pH to the alkaline side (sodium bicarbonate), alkaline mineral waters are significantly reduced. Carbohydrate saturation, L-carnitine, bee products, PPBC Functional deficiency of vitamins, microelements, electrolytes, water (dehydration) During high physical activity, the concentration of fat- and water-soluble vitamins, electrolytes, microelements and water decreases (especially in the marathon) Reduced. Vitamins and their complexes with electrolytes and microelements, adaptogens, products based on leuzea and tribulus Inhibition of cellular respiration in working muscles Disturbance of electron transport in the respiratory chain, synthesis of macroergs, uncoupling of respiration and phosphorylation Reduced. Adaptogens, fat- and water-soluble vitamins, nootropics, specialized drinks Initiation of free radical processes during ultra-intense loads and the action of pro-oxidants Formation of hydroperoxides, toxic products, disruption of the functional lability of cell membranes and bioenergetic mechanisms Reduced. Antioxidants, antihypoxants, adaptogens, vitamins E and C Reduced immunological reactivity (cellular and humoral immunity) Risk factor for the development of common infections, autoimmune processes Reduced. Immunomodulators, combined adaptogens, vitamins, biogenic stimulants, bee products (propolis, pollen) Decreased function of the liver, kidneys, hepatic pain syndrome, and other organs due to the state of reactive pancreatitis, hypernia, overtraining, liver trophy, impaired excretory function of the kidneys, etc. Reduced. Hepatoprotectors, antioxidants, PPBC, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics The use of pharmacological drugs that inhibit metabolism is reduced. Cancellation of drugs that reduce physical performance, restoration of metabolism Sport pharm&diet.indb 29 Impaired electron transport of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, synthesis of ATP and creatine phosphate 04/07/2008 18:42:27 30 CHAPTER 1 End of table. 1.2 Parameters Unbalanced nutrition of athletes. Reducing caloric intake Mechanisms of decreased performance and recovery Physical performance. Means for correction Violation of the ratios of the main food ingredients, imbalance of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, electrolytes, microelements and vitamins Reduced. Correction of athletes' nutrition in accordance with energy costs and the period of sports training Thus, any pharmacological drug recommended by a doctor must correspond to a certain column of the table. For example, antioxidants, immunomodulators and high-energy phosphates are located in different columns. It is advisable to create combination drugs that immediately affect several factors that limit performance, as well as the processes of adaptation and recovery. The use of pharmacological agents is closely tied to the period, stage, micro- and macrocycle of sports training and, in connection with this, has its own specifics. Sports training in a yearly cycle usually begins after competitions with a transition (recovery) period. This is followed by the general preparatory stage of the preparatory (basic) training period, when the athlete must increase overall physical strength, speed, and endurance. Then special physical training begins, which is characterized by improving the skills required in a particular sport. Immediately before the competition, already developed skills are improved and consolidated. During the competition period, the level of physical and emotional stress reaches its maximum. At this time, it is necessary to create all the conditions for completing the task set by the coach, and, if necessary, for urgent recovery if starts (fights, fights) follow one after another with short intervals. There is a certain specificity in carrying out recovery measures related to the time before the next start. Planned recovery is extended over time, which allows the use of sports centers, rehabilitation centers, sanatoriums or medical institutions for this purpose. Restorative measures are aimed at freeing the athlete’s body from accumulated ballast metabolic products. Acute recovery typically takes place within a day or even a few hours and therefore requires rapid implementation in the competition environment. Sport pharm&diet.indb 30 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 31 Pharmacological support in these schemes varies. For example, for urgent recovery, protein-carbohydrate-lipid mixtures, vitamins and microelements, Ezophosphine, Repolar, Neoton, Reaton and parenteral nutrition can be used. For convenience, all recovery means are divided into two groups - tactical and strategic. Tactical agents are biologically active substances that allow you to solve today's problems, i.e. quickly restore the athlete after heavy physical and nervous stress. These means include vitamins and their complexes, energy products, carbohydrate-protein-lipid mixtures, carbohydrate saturation, bee products, adaptogens of plant and animal origin, hepatoprotectors, nootropics, immunomodulators, antioxidants, etc. Strategic means ensure the implementation of planned tasks - preserving muscle mass, maintaining high tone and desire to train, as well as participate in competitions with the mindset of winning. These drugs include non-doping anabolics of plant or animal origin, enterosorbents, energy drugs, actoprotectors, as well as nootropics, neuroprotectors and psychomodulators that are not included in the WADA Prohibited List. When developing pharmacological support schemes, one should take into account the correction of factors that limit sports performance. This streamlines the regimen and reduces the number of drugs used for existing indications. Depending on the cycle of the training process, certain tasks of pharmacological support predominate. During the transition period, the main tasks are the release of toxins accumulated in the body after intense physical work, as well as the relief of overexertion (for medical reasons). For this purpose, vitamins and their complexes, macro- and microelements, immunomodulators, antioxidants, enterosorbents and other drugs are used. In the preparatory period (general and special preparatory stages) with intense physical work, the main emphasis is on strengthening and supporting anabolic processes and immunity in the body with the help of adaptogens, plastic drugs, immunomodulators, antioxidants, and protein-enriched nutrition. During the competitive period, the tasks of pharmacological support are subordinated to the creation and timely replenishment of the energy depot in the athlete’s body, the fight against the increase in the concentration of free radicals, and the prevention of injuries and diseases. Pharmacological agents that influence the formation of macroergic phosphates (creatine preparations, ATP-LONG, Neoton, Reaton, Ezaphosphina, etc.) and parenteral nutrition rich in carbohydrates (carbohydrate saturation) are also used. Creation of Sport pharm&diet.indb 31 04/07/2008 18:42:27 32 CHAPTER 1 energy depot involves the use of high-carbohydrate or lipid-saturated foods in the diet, depending on the specifics of the work performed, as well as products of increased biological value. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that there are no universal biologically active drugs that could improve the performance of any athlete. This is due to the fact that sports vary significantly in the level of physical activity, the duration and power of the work performed, the accuracy of the task, the need for concentration and many other qualities, therefore the individualization of the developed pharmacological support schemes should be based on the study of the basic parameters of the biochemical and hematological homeostasis of athletes taking into account gender and age differences, their psychophysical characteristics, it should be tied to the type of sport, to the stage and period of sports training. Depending on the energy supply of groups of sports, the power of exercise and the level of lactate in the blood, various means of pharmacological support can also be used (Table 1.3, Markov et al., 2006). There are no universal schemes for the use of non-doping pharmacological ergogenic agents, however, general approaches to the creation of such schemes have been developed, which, of course, must be individualized depending on the tasks facing the athlete, the stage of preparation, the degree of training, health status and objective indicators of homeostasis of the athlete’s body . Below (Table 1.4) is an approximate list of recommended medications and dietary supplements for the preparation of individual pharmacological programs in the annual training cycle for types of sports activity. These drugs are widely used in world practice and do not contain doping ingredients, although not all of them, unfortunately, are currently registered in Ukraine. It is not recommended to use more than five to seven drugs and dietary supplements at the same time, taking into account their compatibility. The drugs should be prescribed in the annual training cycle taking into account cyclicity (course prescription) and tolerance to them, since the athletes’ body adapts to the same means of recovery used, therefore variable, individual complexes are necessary depending on the type of sport, period (stage) of sports training. Sport pharm&diet.indb 32 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Sport pharm&diet.indb 33 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Psychostimulants, corticosteroid hormones and ACTH, carbohydrate saturation, bee products (honey, pollen, propolis), adaptogens, vitamins , Creatine phosphate, L-carnitine, etc. Psychoenergizers; agents that enhance anabolic processes; pituitary and adrenal hormones; carbohydrate-protein-lipid mixtures, carbohydrate saturation; vitamins and microelements; bee products, hydrobionts; plant and animal adaptogens 7–12 6–9 4–6 Up to 4 Glycolytic (glycolysis in muscles, acceleration of glucose transport into the cell) lasting from 30 s to 1.5 minutes Submaximal power Mixed aerobic-anaerobic with a predominance of anaerobic processes, lasting from 1 ,5 to 10 minutes. Speed ​​endurance: middle-distance running, game and speed-strength types High power With a predominance of aerobic processes, lasting from 15–20 minutes. Middle distance running, cross-country skiing, speed skating, swimming, etc. Average power Aerobic, lasting several hours. All types of sports with an overwhelming manifestation of endurance (marathon distances) Moderate power Agents that enhance anabolic processes corticosteroids, growth hormone, ACTH, insulin with glucose, L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, vitamins and microelements, bee products, carbohydrate saturation, plant adaptogens and animal origin Psychostimulants, psychoenergizers, energetic drugs - ATP, Neoton, glucose with vitamin C; carbohydrate saturation, bee products, adaptogens, vitamins, antioxidants Groups of pharmacological drugs and dietary supplements used 7–12 Lactate, mmol/l Anaerobic, duration 10–20 s. Short work: sprint, speed-strength, team sports, martial arts Maximum power Energy supply of sports activity, duration and power of the work performed Table 1.3. Pharmacological means for increasing sports performance in different groups of sports, depending on energy supply, duration and load power 34 CHAPTER 1 Table 1.4. Approximate list of recommended medications and dietary supplements for drawing up individual pharmacological support schemes for types of sports activity and stages of preparation Preparatory period Competitive period I. Cyclic sports Aerobic focus: Supradin, Antihot, Energomax Reishi multivitamin, Aerobitin, Stimol, vitamins C, E and groups B, Epadol, Olifen, Carnitine, Inosie-F, Riboxin, Panangin (Asparkam), Potassium orotate, Solcoseryl, Essentiale, Immunal, Legalon, Schisandra chinensis, Ensoral Strength focus: products containing amino acids, Aminoven Infant, beekeeping products and products for based on them, Leuzea safflower and products based on it (Ekdisten), Rhodiola rosea, Creapur, Crea-energy, Ezophosphina, Neoton, Repolar, fructose-mineral-vitamin drinks Aerobic-anaerobic glycolytic orientation: vitamin-mineral complexes with a predominant content of group vitamins B and E, Cigapan, Epadol, YantarIn, Mildronate, Inosie-F, Riboxin, Panangin (Asparkam), Actovegin, Olifen, Mexidol (Mexidol), ginkgo biloba and products based on it, Nootropil, Picamilon, RUS-OLYMPIC, Reaton, Ezaphosphina, Aminoven Infant, fructose-mineral-vitamin drinks II. Speed-strength types Vitamins A, C, E, Epadol, Actovegin, Creapur, Crea-energy, Neovis, Potassium orotate, Riboxin, Inosie-F, products containing amino acids, Aminoven Infant, Ecdisten, ginkgo biloba and products based on it, Nootropil, Picamilon, Panangin (Asparkam), Solcoseryl, Nitrix, ZMA, Secretog-1 Epadol, RUS-OLIMPIC, Nitrix, Cigapan, Kreapur, Crea-energy, Inosie-F, Panangin (Asparkam), Energomax Tribulus, Actovegin, fructose- amino acid-mineral-vitamin drinks, “Speed ​​Booster” series III. Martial arts Vitamins C, E, Epadol, Energomax Reishi vitamin/microelements, Esophosphine, Riboxin, Inosie-F, Panangin (Asparkam), Solcoseryl, Ecdisten, Nootropil, Picamilon, Phezam, Acefen, Lipofundin, Aminoven Infant, Schisandra chinensis, Essentiale, Heptral, Karsil, Olifen, echinacea, Immunoton, Ferlixit, Trental, Ticlopidine Energomax Tribulus, RUS-OLIMPIC, Metoxy 7, Secretog-1, Schisandra chinensis, Actovegin, Magnerot, Inosie-F, Neurobutal, Repolar, Panangin (Asparkam), Creapur , Reaton, Creaenergy, Neurobutal, Epadol, beekeeping products and products based on them IV. Game types Vitamins C, E, Epadol, Energomax Reishi vitamin/microelements, Solcoseryl, Inosie-F, Magnerot, BioPotassium, Potassium-normine, ATP-LONG, Regidron, Ecdisten, Rhodiola rosea, Interferon (Laferon), Immunal, Reaton, Biotad Swolle, Legalon, Essential, Nootropil, Pimino, Ginkgo Biloba and drugs based on it, Fezam, Tiklopidin, Enterosgel Sport Pharm & Diet.indb 34 Duvit, Suprain, Epadel, Amber, Rusolimpik, Azophosfin, Repolar, Nootropil, Actogula, E. Leutorococcus , Acetyl L-carnitine, Biotredin, Panangin, Quercetin, Reaton, Isostar 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 35 End of table. 1.4 Preparatory period Competitive period V. Complex coordination types Mildronate, L-carnitine, Esaphosphina, Biotad, Rhythmocor, Supradin, Schisandra chinensis, Lipin, Limontar, Eleutheroccus, Nootropil, Actovegin, Pentoxifylline, Phezam, Picamilon, Ceruloplasmin, Holiver, Chophytol, Heptral Ezaphosphina , Biotad, Repolar, Metoxy 7, Phosphaden, Reaton, Schisandra chinensis, Nootropil, Actovegin, Mexidol (Mexidol), vitamins A and E, Olifen, Antral, Gepabene, Glutargin Note. Several representatives of one group of pharmacological agents are given, which should be prescribed by a sports doctor, taking into account the individual characteristics of the athlete and the training microcycle. 1.5. Pharmacological provision of stages and periods of training for athletes in the macrocycle 1.5.1. Preparatory period In the preparatory period, both at the general and at the special preparatory stage, with intense physical work, the main emphasis is on strengthening and supporting anabolic processes and the state of the body's immune system with the help of adaptogens, plastic drugs, enriched protein nutrition, immunomodulators , antioxidants. Means for correcting microcirculation and the rheological state of the blood, antianemic drugs, in particular iron preparations, are useful. The psycho-emotional state is corrected with the help of nootropics (Tables 1.5 and 1.6). 1.5.2. Competitive period During the competitive period, the tasks of pharmacological support are subordinated to the creation and timely replenishment of the energy depot in the athlete’s body and the fight against the increase in the concentration of free radicals. The creation of an energy depot is carried out with the help of a specialized one rich in carbohydrates (carbohydrate saturation) or lipids, depending on the specifics of the work being performed, and parenteral nutrition (preparations of amino acids, lipids). Products of increased biological value are used (honey, bee bread, nuts, pollen and preparations made from them), as well as pharmacological agents that affect the formation of ATP, creatine phosphate, etc. In a simplified form, recommendations for the recovery of athletes contain, for example, the following schemes: for representatives speed-strength sports - Potassium orotate in combination with Inosie F; Carnitine and Cobamamide (vitamin B12 preparation (for throwers); the same in combination with vitamin E (for weightlifters); during the period of increasing training loads - glutamic acid, potassium and magnesium aspartate, Lecithin, Eleutherococcus extract and vitamin C (Table 1.7 Sport pharm&diet.indb 35 04/07/2008 18:42:27 Sport pharm&diet.indb 36 04/07/2008 18:42:27 ++ ++ + ++ ++ – + + – – – + – ++ ++ + ++ ++ VitaminEnergy- Macro-mineral tonics ergi complexes ++ ++ Plastic substrates ++ ++ ++ ++ + Nootropics + + – ++ + + + – + – Antioxidants, poxants + ++ + ++ + + + + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + + ++ – + + Vitamin and mineral complexes ++ ++ Plastic substrates + – – ++ – Energy tonics – – – ++ ++ Macroergies + ++ ++ ++ ++ Adaptogens ++ + ++ + + Nootropics + – + + – Antioxidants Groups of pharmacological agents + + ++ + ++ Antihypoxants Note: Sign “–” - drugs are not used, “+” - use is desirable, “++” - use mandatory Cyclic Speed-strength Complex coordination Martial arts Game Groups of sports Table 1.6. Pharmacological support for the special preparatory stage of the preparatory period – + – + + + + + ++ ++ + + + ++ ++ – – – + + Antiplatelet agents – + – + – Antiplatelet agents Hepatotropic Hepatotropic AntianeImmunomo- Adaptomic gene modulators means Group pharmacological agents Note. Sign “–” - means are not used, “+” - use is desirable, “++” - use is mandatory. Cyclic Speed-strength Complex coordination Martial arts Game Groups of sports Table 1.5. Pharmacological support of the general preparatory stage of the preparatory period Sport pharm&diet.indb 37 04/07/2008 18:42:28 – – – – Speed-strength Complex coordination Martial arts Game + – – – – Vitamin and mineral complexes + + + ++ ++ Energy tonics + + + ++ + + ++ ++ + ++ ++ Macroergics Adaptogens ++ ++ ++ + + Nootropics Groups of pharmacological agents + + – + + + + Speed-strength Complex coordination Martial arts Game ++ + – + ++ Energy tonics + + + + + Enterosorbents + + ++ ++ + Adaptogens – – + – Nootropics + + + Antioxidants Groups of pharmacological agents Note. Sign “–” - means are not used, “+” - use is desirable, “++” - use is mandatory. + Vitamin-mineral complexes Cyclic Groups of sports Table 1.8. Pharmacological support for the transition period + - – – ++ Antihypoxants – – – – + + + + + + Antihypoxants Tropic hepatopoxants ++ ++ Antioxidants Note. Sign “–” - means are not used, “+” - use is desirable, “++” - use is mandatory. – Plastic substrates Cyclic Groups of sports Table 1.7. Pharmacological support of the competitive period + + + + + Immunomodulators + – – – – Antiplatelet agents 38 CHAPTER 1 1.5.3. Transitional period In the transitional (recovery) period, the main tasks are the release of toxic metabolic products accumulated in the body during intense physical work, using drugs with antioxidant and hepatotropic properties, as well as relieving overexertion for medical reasons. For this purpose, vitamins and their complexes, macro- and microelements, immunomodulators, antioxidants, adaptogens and other drugs are used (Table 1.8). 1.6. Recommendations for individual schemes of pharmacological support for sports training When drawing up a plan for medical and biological support of an athlete in a particular group of sports, the following must be done. Select individual schemes taking into account functional characteristics, sports and psycho-emotional qualities. Determine the function of the athlete’s body that needs correction and normalize it with the help of pharmacological drugs, dietary supplements and a reasonable diet. Pay special attention to energy supply, respiratory function associated with the consumption, transport and consumption of oxygen, the state of free radicals in the body, the functions of the immune system, nervous and endocrine systems, as well as natural detoxification organs (liver, kidneys), through which accumulated toxic metabolic products must be removed. Do not overload the athlete’s body with substrates and enzymes that are responsible for the formation of energy-rich products that provide movement (Neoton, ATP, Glucose, vitamins, microelements, etc.), since their excess will be excreted from the body as unnecessary and unused, which will require additional energy , necessary for the body during increased muscular work. Take into account the dynamics of the intensity of physical activity in the annual training cycle of an athlete and tie the pharmacological support program to the implementation of the tasks set by the coach (general and special physical training, pre-competitive and competitive activity), as well as to micro-, meso- and macrocycles, taking into account rest days (without taking pharmacological agents). Sport pharm&diet.indb 38 04/07/2008 18:42:28 Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance 39 Remember that different athletes, when using the same pharmacological agents, can have significantly different effects on the body. This applies to the mechanism of action (pharmacodynamics), bioavailability, and biotransformation (pharmacokinetics). The individual sensitivity of athletes to the same drug will also be different. If it is necessary to influence the parameters of an athlete’s physical performance, first of all, factors that limit performance should be identified in order to influence them with the help of medications and dietary supplements. Management of this process and its scientific and methodological justification are usually called performance monitoring and pharmacological correction of human performance, including restoration and adaptation to physical activity. Sport pharm&diet.indb 39 04/07/2008 18:42:28 Sport pharm&diet.indb 40 04/07/2008 18:42:28 Chapter 2 Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors 2.1. Basic provisions for organizing nutrition for athletes Medical and biological means of restoring and increasing the physical performance of athletes, in addition to pharmacological drugs, include “rational nutrition, vitamin supplementation, the use of dietary supplements and products of increased biological value” (Seifulla, 2003). It should be noted that in the first place among those mentioned is rational nutrition, therefore, the competent use of its general features and characteristics among athletes specializing in various sports is an important characteristic of preparation for competitions. The needs of athletes for basic nutrients (nutrients) differ markedly from the needs of individuals who are not systematically exposed to intense physical activity. This is due to the fact that the energy expenditure of many sports exceeds the energy expenditure of ordinary people by three to six times. For athletes, on days of intense training and competition, they usually exceed 5000–6000 kcal. The need for certain food components depends on age, body weight, gender, type of sports activity, climatic conditions, and time of year. With modern training and competitive loads, daily energy expenditure sometimes reaches 8,000 kcal (and in some cases - tournament games, cross-country skiing, marathon running - exceeds 10,000 kcal), which requires special approaches to the preparation of balanced diets. In this case, it is necessary not only Sport pharm&diet.indb 41 04/07/2008 18:42:28 42 CHAPTER 2 to replenish the number of calories from proteins, fats, carbohydrates, but also to provide the diet with a sufficient amount of vitamins, micro- and macroelements, which play a huge role in maintaining physical performance. The main problem in the nutrition of athletes is that with traditional meals (breakfast, lunch, afternoon snack, dinner), it is impossible to consume the required amount of food to cover daily energy expenditure on days of intense training and competition. Therefore, quite often athletes experience a deficiency of certain nutrients, difficulties in certain types of energy transformations and/or in increasing the proper level of general energy supply. In this case, there is an increased risk of developing fatigue and overtraining, reducing resistance to diseases and the effects of adverse factors (adaptation). 2.2. Characteristics of the main food components and features of their use in sports nutrition The athlete receives the predominant part of the substances necessary for the normal functioning of the body from food. A properly structured diet allows the athlete to balance the amount of drugs and synthesized additives necessary to replenish energy and plastic substrates, enzymes and coenzymes. The main nutrients that make up the diet are proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. 2.2.1. Proteins and features of their consumption in sports nutrition Proteins in the diet of athletes usually account for no more than 10–15% of the energy obtained from food. But the main purpose of proteins is not limited to meeting energy needs. Proteins are the main building material in the body, necessary for the growth and maintenance of the structural integrity of actively functioning organs and tissues. Proteins are also necessary for the construction of digestive enzymes, they are involved in the formation of antibodies in the body's immune defense system. Proteins are polymer compounds consisting of amino acids. Amino acids (24 in total), from which the proteins of the human body are built, are divided into two groups - replaceable and irreplaceable. Most amino acids (arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine, glycine, tyrosine, proline, serine, alanine, cystine) involved in metabolism and included in proteins can be supplied with food or synthesized in the body during metabolism from other amino acids coming in excess. They are called nonessential amino acids. Some amino acids (valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, phenylalanine) cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied with food. These are essential amino acids. Sport pharm&diet.indb 42 04/07/2008 18:42:28 43 Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors Through nutrition, the body of athletes must receive the entire set of essential amino acids, since their lack in food leads to a weakening of body functions and the development of painful conditions. To ensure the supply of amino acids in the required quantities and optimal ratios, food must be varied in the content of proteins of both animal and plant origin. The amino acid composition of whey proteins is closest to the amino acid composition of human muscle tissue, and in terms of the content of essential amino acids and branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) - valine, leucine and isoleucine - whey proteins are superior to all other proteins of animal and plant origin. Branched-chain amino acids, during their metabolism, are the main initiating factors in eliminating energy deficiency and create conditions for the favorable occurrence of energy-dependent synthetic processes, including the formation of glycogen. The daily protein requirement for athletes averages about 1.5 g of protein per 1 kg of body weight. However, it should be noted that due to differences in the metabolic activity and functions of individual amino acids, it is difficult to ensure their optimal ratio in food. Due to this, as well as the individual characteristics of metabolism, various amino acid preparations and mixtures are widely used in the nutrition of athletes, in which the optimal ratios of all necessary amino acids are observed. In addition, athletes specializing in different sports may have different amino acid requirements depending on the intensity of the exercise and body weight. In table 2.1 such data are given, for example, for team sports. Table 2.1. Recommended intake rates (in grams) of essential branched chain amino acids in the basic nutrition of athletes specializing in team sports Body weight, kg Leucine Valine Isoleucine 40 2.4 2.0 0.8 50 3.0 2.5 1.0 60 3.6 3.0 1.2 70 4.2 3.5 1.4 80 4.8 4.0 1.6 90 5.4 4.5 1.8 100 6.0 5.0 2.0 110 6.6 5.5 2.2 120 7.2 6.0 2.4 Sport pharm&diet.indb 43 04/07/2008 18:42:28 44 CHAPTER 2 For athletes, the use of amino acid mixtures in the daily diet is especially important because education specific structural and enzymatic proteins determine the achieved training effect of the load, which is directly related to the increase in sports performance indicators. Along with the increased expenditure on performing muscular work, the processes of decomposition of specific protein structures that bear the main load during work are activated in the body, and protein decomposition products - peptides, peptones and amino acids - are formed. About 35% of the resulting amino acids are removed from the body during breakdown and excretion, and the remaining 65% enters the general amino acid pool of the body. Replenishment of amino acids removed from the body is carried out through specialized nutrition for athletes, which must contain all essential amino acids. However, without the use of specific endogenous anabolizers and adequate protein nutrition, it is difficult to achieve a significant increase in protein synthesis and consolidation of the training effect caused by the applied load, since the body’s own proteins are not always able to provide the biochemical basis for the adaptive effect of training. Based on the facts stated above, it can be argued that in order to increase the effectiveness of training, a variety of protein products of both plant and animal origin, as well as specially selected amino acid mixtures together with anabolic (non-doping) activators of a non-hormonal nature, should be used in the nutrition of athletes. 2.2.2. Fats and features of their consumption in sports nutrition Fats are the second most important source of energy in the body, after carbohydrates. They account for 20 to 30% of the total energy consumed. Fats are used not only as a substrate for energy transformations, but also serve as a necessary element in the construction of cell membranes, and also regulate the activity of certain hormones and enzymes that catalyze key metabolic reactions in the body. Fats consist of glycerol and fatty acids. When they are mobilized from intracellular fat depots (lipolysis process), they are broken down into their component parts. Fats are divided into saturated and unsaturated, depending on the degree of saturation of the fatty acids they contain (food sources of various fats are presented in Table 2.2). Animal fats are high in saturated fatty acids and are used mainly for energy purposes. Vegetable fats contain large quantities of unsaturated (unsaturated) fatty acids, which are used to build cell membranes and perform catalytic functions. Sport pharm&diet.indb 44 04/07/2008 18:42:28 45 Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors Table 2. 2. Sources of dietary fat Sources of cholesterol Sources of saturated fats Eggs, liver, meat, poultry, Eggs, meat, poultry, fish, dairy seafood, dairy products, palm oil, coconut products, palm nut oil, hydrogenated oils (margarine) Sources of unsaturated fats Vegetable oils - olive, sunflower, soybean, corn, groundnut oil; avocados, as well as fish that live in cold waters. Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differ not only in their chemical and physical properties, but also in their biological activity and value for the body. Saturated fatty acids are significantly inferior in biological properties to unsaturated ones. The most pronounced biological properties are those of the so-called polyunsaturated fatty acids - linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic acids. They are not synthesized in the human body (which is why they are sometimes called vitamin F) and form a group of so-called essential fatty acids, i.e. vital for humans. These acids differ from true vitamins in that they do not have the ability to enhance metabolic processes, but the body's need for them is much higher than for true vitamins. The food consumed by athletes should contain large quantities of unsaturated fatty acids, which are easily included in metabolic processes during physical activity and are necessary to maintain the structural integrity of cell membranes. Saturated fatty acids usually account for no more than 10% of the total calories obtained from burning fat in the body. Athletes' food must contain the required amount of easily digestible fats of milk and vegetable origin. In addition, it should contain foods rich in essential fatty acids - linoleic and linolenic, arachidonic, which are easily included in metabolic processes during physical activity and are necessary to maintain the structural integrity of cell membranes. The use of fats as an energy source is especially important in situations where the duration of gaming activity exceeds 1.5 hours, as well as in conditions of low ambient temperatures, when fats are used for thermoregulation. It should, however, be taken into account that for the full use of fats as an energy material, high oxygen tension must be maintained in the tissues, otherwise there will be an accumulation of under-oxidized products of fat metabolism, which are associated with the development of chronic fatigue during long-term work. Despite the fact that fat is an important energy substrate, it should not be consumed in excessive quantities, as this leads to a feeling of heaviness in the stomach, which causes Sport pharm&diet.indb 45 04/07/2008 18:42:28 46 CHAPTER 2 lethargy, drowsiness, disrupts adequate absorption of carbohydrates. Since fats are digested more slowly than proteins and carbohydrates, the food consumed before a competition should contain a small amount of fat. Thus, it is quite possible to satisfy the need for fats through the use of natural products. But in the nutrition of athletes, special food mixtures are often used, containing easily digestible fats of plant and animal origin, as well as fatty acids and activators of fat metabolism in tissues. In sports nutrition products, medium chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) are often used, which are obtained by partial hydrolysis of polyunsaturated fatty acids and have all their inherent properties. They provide twice as much energy as proteins and carbohydrates, and at the same time are least involved in the formation of fat deposits. 2.2.3. Carbohydrates and features of their consumption in sports nutrition Adequate provision of bioenergetic processes is primarily associated with carbohydrates, the content of which in the diet of athletes usually ranges from 60 to 70% of the total amount of energy supplied to the body with food. The daily intake of carbohydrates from food should be from 500 to 1000 g for athletes - on average about 10 g per 1 kg of body weight (Table 2.3). Table 2.3. Daily requirement for carbohydrates (in grams) depending on body weight and duration of training sessions Body weight, kg Total daily duration of training sessions, hours 2 3 4 5 6 7 40 200 300 400 500 600 700 50 300 400 500 600 700 800 60 400 500 600 700 800 900 70 500 600 700 800 900 1000 80 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 90 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 100 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 110 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 120 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 In this daily allowance The dose should include both simple sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and complex polymeric forms of carbohydrates (starch, fiber). Sport pharm&diet.indb 46 04/07/2008 18:42:28 47 Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors Their ratio in consumed food products may vary depending on the nature of the upcoming muscular work. Food consumed before performing intense but relatively short-term work should contain simple sugars (glucose, fructose) in an easily digestible form (fruit juices, drinks, jellies) to a greater extent. In the diet preceding the performance of play activities of variable or moderate intensity, along with simple sugars, complex polymeric forms of carbohydrates (fiber, starch) should also be presented. A common problem with the diet of athletes specializing in sports that require a large expenditure of energy is an insufficient amount of carbohydrate foods and an excess of fat. Such a diet is unjustified primarily due to the fact that the body’s energy reserves mainly consist of fats and proteins and only to a small extent carbohydrates (Table 2.4). Table 2.4. Reserves of energy sources in athletes Name of tissue reserves of energy sources Approximate amount of total reserves of energy sources: Time during which the energy source can provide performance during: days of walking minutes of marathon running grams kJ days of fasting 9000 337 000 34 10.8 4018 Liver glycogen 90 1500 0.15 0.05 18 Muscle glycogen 350 6000 0.6 0.20 71 Blood and extracellular fluid glucose 20 320 0.03 0.01 4 8800 150 000 15 4.8 1800 Triacylglycerols of adipose tissue Body proteins High importance of carbohydrates in The nutrition of athletes is determined by the role of muscle glycogen, which ensures performance in both aerobic and anaerobic glycolytic modes. The time spent in these modes before exhaustion is directly related to the initial glycogen reserve in working muscles consuming 2800 kcal/day. With a low-carbohydrate diet, 1200 kcal/day is supplied from carbohydrates, and with a high-carbohydrate diet - 2300 kcal/day. At the same time, the maximum duration of work is highest with a diet enriched with carbohydrates (Table 2.5). Sport pharm&diet.indb 47 04/07/2008 18:42:28 48 CHAPTER 2 Table 2.5. Dependence of the maximum duration of work on the carbohydrate component of the diet of athletes Indicator Duration of work to failure with an oxygen consumption of 75% of the maximum, min Diet Low-carbohydrate Mixed High-carbohydrate 57 114 167 On the other hand, the introduction of a significant amount of carbohydrate-containing foods into the athlete’s diet by reducing other sources energy cannot be considered as the best way to meet the body's carbohydrate needs. One-time consumption of large amounts of carbohydrates creates a high “sugar” load on the pancreas, which produces insulin necessary for the absorption of carbohydrates in tissues. At the same time, most of the carbohydrates entering the body during the digestion process are used to create intracellular reserves of carbohydrates in the form of glycogen, and some, due to their high concentration in the blood, are excreted from the body through the kidneys. In this situation, if the muscle load falls on a period of time far removed from the meal (three to four hours), the most loaded organs and tissues may experience relative hypoglycemia (decrease in sugar concentration) due to the inability to quickly mobilize carbohydrates from intracellular stores . Therefore, athletes under intense training and competitive loads are recommended, along with taking carbohydrates at breakfast, lunch and dinner, to distribute most of their daily dose into intermediate meals in the form of fruits and fruit juices, specially prepared carbohydrate drinks, tea, coffee, chocolate, cookies and so on. Consumption of significant amounts of simple carbohydrates, especially glucose, causes a sharp increase in blood sugar levels. In addition, the systematic intake of excess amounts of easily digestible carbohydrates into the body can cause the development of diabetes mellitus, and the excess intake of simple carbohydrates in significant quantities contributes to the increased development of adipose tissue. An increased level of insulin in the blood helps to accelerate this process, since in this case insulin has a powerful stimulating effect on fat synthesis. Carbohydrates supplied with food are converted into glycogen, which is deposited in tissues and forms a carbohydrate depot, from which, if necessary, the body draws glucose, which is used to provide energy for various physiological functions. The main organs in which significant amounts of glycogen are deposited are the liver and skeletal muscles. To fully recover after intense physical activity, it is necessary to replenish glycogen stores in the liver and muscles. Glycogen resynthesis is a rather slow process (only 5% per hour), which takes about 20 hours and requires a large amount of carbohydrates. The exception is the first two hours after training (the so-called protein-carbohydrate window), during which the recovery rate increases to 7-8%. Ukrainian scientists (Levin, Nour, 1996) have developed rational nutrition schemes, which are additional incentives for creating glycogen reserves in muscles through a combination of diet and training loads. The basis for this was the fact that athletes in whose diet a high-carbohydrate diet replaced a protein-fat diet, combined with heavy training loads, had larger reserves of glycogen in the muscles compared to the usual mixed diet preceding the use of a high-carbohydrate diet. Based on these data showing that glycogen stores are stimulated to increase above normal levels after a period of heavy training with a severely carbohydrate-depleted diet, a “classical technique” was developed to achieve “supercompensation” of muscle glycogen. It consisted of such sequential actions within the training microcycle. 1. Conduct two high intensity training sessions to deplete muscle glycogen stores. 2. Over the next three days, scheduled training sessions are carried out against the background of a protein-fat diet. 3. During the next three days of relative rest or significant reduction in exercise, a typical high-carbohydrate diet (contains 90% carbohydrates) is used. This method of carbohydrate supercompensation is recommended for use in the pre-competition microcycle. However, during its practical use, certain problems may arise related to the individual characteristics of athletes. In particular, some of them do not tolerate extremely low (with a protein-fat diet) or extremely high (90%) carbohydrate content in nutritional plans. Therefore, before using such a scheme for supercompensation of muscle glycogen before competitions, you should check its effectiveness (tolerability) for specific athletes in the preliminary stages of preparation. If an athlete does not tolerate this extreme version of supercompensation of muscle glycogen, a milder modified version of the effect on the body can be used in the last pre-competition microcycle. This modified muscle glycogen supercompensation plan consists of training at an intensity of 70 to 75% of maximal oxygen uptake, decreasing in duration from 90 to 40 minutes over three days, on a relatively low-carbohydrate diet (50% carbohydrate, about 350 g per day). Following this, for two days the duration of training loads is reduced Sport pharm&diet.indb 49 04/07/2008 18:42:28 50 CHAPTER 2 to 20 minutes, but with a diet richer in carbohydrates (70% carbohydrates, about 500–600 per day) and then finally follows a pre-competition rest day with the same high-carbohydrate diet. General rules for consuming carbohydrates in sports 1. Use foods high in carbohydrates in the diet in small portions throughout the day, since a high-carbohydrate diet, compared to a regular diet, increases glycogen reserves in the liver and muscles by 45%. 2. Take carbohydrate-protein drinks like Gainer (gainers), containing complex carbohydrates, one to two hours before a training session, which will increase glycogen and amino acid reserves before exercise. 3. Drink an energy drink like Carbo (with a carbohydrate content of 5–10%) during a training session, at the rate of 0.5–1.0 liters for every hour of training, which will increase performance during the training session by 30–35% and significantly reduce the breakdown of muscle protein and use it for energy needs. 4. Take a carbohydrate-protein drink like Mass Gain, containing complex carbohydrates, immediately after a training session, which will maximally replenish glycogen reserves depleted during the training session and speed up recovery processes in the muscles. 2.2.4. Vitamins and mineral elements and features of their consumption in sports nutrition Along with the main nutrients - proteins, fats and carbohydrates - in the nutrition of athletes it is necessary to provide for timely and complete replenishment of the need for vitamins and microelements, which are used in active enzyme complexes and ensure the maintenance of the active properties of biological membranes . Vitamins are organic compounds with high biological activity necessary for normal life, which are not synthesized in the body and must be supplied with food. Vitamins are divided into two groups - water-soluble and fat-soluble. There is also a group of vitamin-like compounds (Table 2.6). Almost all vitamins directly or indirectly take part in protein synthesis in the body, and therefore must be present in the diet of athletes or supplied in sufficient quantities with nutritional supplements. The main food sources of vitamins are vegetables, fruits, vegetable and animal oils, meat, milk (Table 2.7). Sport pharm&diet.indb 50 04/07/2008 18:42:29 51 Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors Table 2.6. Classification of vitamins Water-soluble Fat-soluble Vitamin-like B1 - thiamine A - retinol P - bioflavonoids B2 - riboflavin D - calciferols B13 - orotic acid V3 - pantothenic acid E - tocopherols B15 - pangamic acid PP - nicotinic acid Bt - carnitine B6 - pyridoxine N - choline B12 - cyanocobalamin F - lipoic acid Bc - folic acid U - methylmethionine H - biotin C - ascorbic acid Table 2.7. Content of vitamins in food products Name of vitamins Sources β-carotene, carotenoids Carrots, dark green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, oranges, orange fruits and berries (apricots, sea buckthorn) B1 (thiamine) Brown bread, grain bread and other unrefined cereal products, legumes, pork, potatoes, vegetables, nuts, liver B2 (riboflavin) Whole milk and dairy products, cheese, meat, liver, eggs, green leafy vegetables B6 (pyridoxine) Brown bread, meat, poultry, liver, fish, potatoes, vegetables, whole milk and dairy products, eggs, bananas, nuts VZ (pantothenic acid) Brown bread and other unrefined grains

The book covers in detail the methods and means of modern pharmacological support for the training process and the principles of rational nutrition for athletes. The presentation is carried out taking into account the specialization and qualifications of athletes, their gender and age characteristics, the period of preparation and the orientation of the loads. In addition to medicines, descriptions and recommendations are given on the use and dosage of products of high nutritional value and biologically active food additives (BAA). The necessary attention is paid to the pharmacocorrection of a number of borderline and pathological conditions typical of athletes: overexertion syndrome, “sports” heart syndrome, climate-zone desadability, sports immunodeficiencies, injuries, etc.

The manual is intended for sports doctors, coaches, students and teachers of medical universities.

Publisher: Williams, Dialectics, 2008

ISBN 978-5-8459-1389-0

Number of pages: 256.

Contents of the book “Sports Pharmacology and Dietetics”:

• 11 Introduction
• 13 From the publishing house “Dialectics”
• 15 Chapter 1. Pharmacological agents for maintaining and increasing physical performance
  • 15 1.1. Classification, rationale and principles of use of non-doping pharmacological agents in modern sports medicine
  • 17 1.2. Main pharmacological preparations and dietary supplements in elite sports
  • 25 1.3. General features and characteristics of pharmacological support of physical performance in representatives of various groups of sports
  • 35 1.5. Pharmacological provision of stages and periods of training for athletes in the macrocycle
    • 35 1.5.1. Preparation period
    • 35 1.5.2. Competitive period
    • 38 1.5.3. Transition period
  • 38 1.6. Recommendations for individual schemes of pharmacological support for sports training
• 41 Chapter 2. Basics of sports dietetics as one of the ergogenic factors
  • 41 2.1. Basic provisions for organizing nutrition for athletes
  • 42 2.2. Characteristics of the main food components and features of their use in sports nutrition
    • 42 2.2.1. Proteins and features of their consumption in sports nutrition
    • 44 2.2.2. Fats and features of their consumption in sports nutrition
    • 46 2.2.3. Carbohydrates and features of their consumption in sports nutrition
    • 50 2.2.4. Vitamins and mineral elements and features of their consumption in sports nutrition
    • 57 2.2.5. Water as an indispensable component of the diet of athletes
  • 60 2.3. General features and nutritional characteristics of representatives of various groups of sports
  • 70 2.4. Principles of basic nutrition and ergogenic dietetics
    • 70 2.4.1. Features of basic nutrition for athletes
    • 72 2.4.2. Features of the ergogenic diet
  • 76 2.5. Energy value, content of basic nutrients and daily distribution of products in the approximate diets of athletes, taking into account the periods and stages of their preparation
  • 84 2.6. The use of dietary manipulation to correct the body weight of athletes
  • 86 2.7. Justification for the use of products of increased biological value, specialized sports nutrition products and dietary supplements to improve performance
    • 86 2.7.1. Products of increased biological value
    • 88 2.7.2. Special sports nutrition products
• 93 Chapter 3. Biologically active (dietary) supplements and their role in increasing physical performance
  • 93 3.1. General characteristics, classification of dietary supplements and recommendations for their use in the practice of sports training to improve performance
  • 101 3.2. Adaptogenic dietary supplement
  • 102 3.3. Actoprotective dietary supplement
  • 105 3.4. Antioxidant dietary supplement
  • 107 3.5. Dietary supplements containing polyunsaturated fatty acids
  • 109 3.6. Anabolic dietary supplement
  • 117 3.7. Dietary supplements used as plastic substrates
  • 122 3.8. Dietary supplements to improve energy supply
  • 127 3.9. Restorative dietary supplement
  • 128 3.10. Bioregulatory dietary supplement
  • 132 3.11. General rules for the use of dietary supplements depending on the nature of the loads
• 135 Chapter 4. Pharmacotherapy of some borderline and pathological conditions in athletes
  • 135 4.1. Methodological aspects of pharmacological correction of overexertion in athletes
  • 144 4.2. Pharmacotherapy of sports medical pathology
    • 145 4.2.1. Sports disease (overtraining)
    • 146 4.2.2. Myocardial dystrophy
    • 148 4.2.3. Hepatic pain syndrome
    • 149 4.2.4. Bronchial asthma (physical effort)
    • 151 4.2.5. Physical allergies
  • 152 4.3. Pharmacological correction of climate-zone maladjustment
    • 153 4.3.1. Pedagogical and organizational means of accelerating the body’s adaptation to new conditions
    • 154 4.3.2. Medical and biological means of accelerating the adaptation of the athlete’s body to new conditions
  • 156 4.4. Treatment of sports injury with pharmacological drugs
  • 163 4.5. Pharmacological correction of osteoarthritis
    • 163 4.5.1. Symptom-modifying drugs
    • 164 4.5.2. Drugs with structure-modifying action
    • 166 4.5.3. External means
    • 167 4.5.4. Glucocorticoids
    • 168 4.5.5. Dietary supplements in the complex treatment of chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system
• 171 Chapter 5. Correction of the immune system of athletes to maintain athletic shape
  • 172 5.1. The influence of pharmacological drugs on immunological reactivity
  • 174 5.2. Pharmacological correction of sports (secondary) immunodeficiencies
  • 181 5.3. Immunological deficiency of athletes and indications for the use of immunotropic drugs
• 189 Chapter 6. Athletic heart syndrome and its pharmacological correction
  • 189 6.1. Etiology, pathogenesis, ECG manifestations, clinical features
  • 197 6.2. Morphology of the “athletic” heart
  • 201 6.3. Features of ECG in athletes
    • 202 6.3.1. Physiological hypertrophy
    • 205 6.3.2. Pathological hypertrophy
    • 205 6.3.3. ECG at various stages of athletes' training
  • 210 6.4. State of the autonomic nervous system
  • 211 6.5. Clinical characteristics of a “sports” heart
    • 211 6.5.1. Pathological “athletic” heart
    • 212 6.5.2. Acute heart strain
    • 213 6.5.3. Chronic heart strain
    • 214 6.5.4. State of the cardiovascular system after stopping training
    • 215 6.5.5. Athletic heart and connective tissue dysplasia
  • 219 6.6. Pharmacotherapy of cardiac dysfunction in athletes
• 225 Chapter 7. Principles of pharmacological correction of dysfunction of male and female organisms
  • 225 7.1. Erectile dysfunction in athletes and principles of their pharmacological correction
  • 230 7.2. Morphofunctional capabilities of women in the process of long-term and acute adaptation to the extreme loads of modern sports and the main approaches to its pharmacological correction
  • 238 7.3. Pharmacological correction of premenstrual syndrome in female athletes
• 241 Conclusion
• 242 List of accepted abbreviations
• 245 Literature

Already in ancient times, athletes paid
significant attention to nutrition and its impact on
health and fitness. Of course, among
sports
competitions
dominated
light
V
antique
athletics
time
Necessary
note that then athletics was part of
struggle for survival: the slow one will not get it
food, the weak will not protect the family.
No matter what we're talking about, when it comes to
Greece, everything dates back thousands of years. That's
story
Greek
kitchens
totals
more
four thousand years. Note that ancient Greek
the doctor understood the word “diet” to mean nothing
eat, and when what can you eat, like Greek
the word “diet” meant a way of life, a regime, including

Sports Dietetics
section of nutritional science,
aimed at ensuring
nutritional support
athletes of various qualifications, starting
children's and youth sports
and ending with top-level sports
skills and ex-athletes

The purpose of mastering the discipline

The goal of mastering the discipline “Sports Dietetics” is
provision of future specialists in physical culture and sports
knowledge in the field of nutrition for athletes, designed to replenish
energy
expenses,
having
place
V
processes
vital activity
And
specific
sports
work,
implement plastic support for body functions and
admission
substances
speakers
V
roles
regulators
metabolic processes. It is equally important to identify the main
principles on which basic nutrition for athletes should be based,
and the possibility of targeted effects of food products on
physical performance indicators and health maintenance
athletes.

Learning goals

be able to analyze diets and identify
typical nutritional errors, consumption deficits
main products
master nutrition planning skills
for a healthy person
master planning and combination skills
individual and family diets
master the skills of keeping food diaries and
other methods of recording nutrition (meals)
understand the products presented on the markets
and in stores, be able to form your own (personal)
consumer basket, grocery planning
budget
create diets and diets for
in accordance with energy consumption, types of activity
and everyday tasks, other
individual characteristics
learn the basic concepts of health, rational
nutrition and be able to apply the principles in practice
healthy lifestyle

Student competencies formed as a result of mastering the discipline “Sports Dietetics”

Mastering the course “Sports Dietetics” allows the student to contribute to
mastery of the following competencies:
the ability to improve and develop one’s intellectual and
general cultural level;
ability to independently master new research methods, to
change
scientific
And
scientific and pedagogical
profile
his
professional activity;
ability and willingness to use in professional activities
innovative technologies, modern means and methods of scientific
research;
ability for continuous self-education
ability
And
readiness
organize
And
conduct
educational training sessions;
ability and willingness to use modern technologies, means and
methods of training athletes and assessing the effectiveness of their use;
ability and willingness to adjust training and
competitive load based on monitoring the athlete’s condition;
ability and willingness to use effective means
restoration and improvement of sports performance
ability and willingness to develop and implement programs
pre-competitive, competitive preparation and post-competitive
events

As a result of mastering the discipline “Sports Dietetics”, the student must:

- know the functions of basic nutrition for athletes, its
importance for improving metabolic
fundamentals of sports performance;
- be able to estimate energy costs and
changes in plastic metabolism when performing
physical activity and calculate the amount
nutrients,
necessary
For
compensation
changes that have occurred in the body;
- have the skills to effectively use
ergogenic diet to increase levels
physical
performance
And
conservation
athletes' health.

Structure and content of the discipline “Sports Dietetics”

IN
educational
course
are set out
biochemical basis of nutrition
person,
are revealed
differences
nutrition
athletes and non-athletes
sports.
At
discussion
features
nutrition of athletes pays attention to
principles of organizing basic nutrition and
ergogenic
diet.
Specially
are being considered
chemical
compound
And
efficiency
applications
basic
And
ergogenic nutrients in sports nutrition,
their influence on sports performance with
taking into account
age
And
floor,
noted
the need to take into account the relationship of nutrition
with periodization of sports training.

Course program "Sports Dietetics"

BALANCED DIET. Modern ideas about rational nutrition. Are common
principles of rational nutrition for athletes.
ENERGY EXCHANGE. Energy costs and energy value of food. Exchange
energy and metabolism. Methods for calculating the daily energy expenditure of athletes.
PROTEINS. The importance of proteins in human nutrition. Functions of proteins in the body. The role of amino acids
in metabolism.
FATS. The importance of fats in human nutrition. Functions and metabolism of fats in the body.
Neutral fats. Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Phospholipids. Cholesterol. Food
value of fats.
CARBOHYDRATES. The importance of carbohydrates in human nutrition. Functions of carbohydrates in the body.
Classification of carbohydrates. Mono-, di- and polysaccharides. Alimentary fiber. Picture of
glycemic index."
VITAMINS. Classification. Role in metabolism. Characteristics of the main groups
water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins. Need for vitamins. Common
deficits. Exogenous and endogenous causes of vitamin deficiency.
MINERALS. Classification. The role of minerals in the body. Macro and microelements. Water-mineral metabolism. The athlete's drinking regime.
HEALTHY EATING. Modern ideas about healthy eating. Nutrigenomics and
nutrigenetics – a new era of nutritionology.
NUTRITION FOR ATHLETES. Basic principles of nutrition for athletes. Nutrition value as
adaptation factor during physical activity. Assessment of the nutritional status of athletes.
BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ADDITIVES. Products of increased biological value.
Special sports nutrition products...
NUTRITION DURING DIFFERENT PERIODS OF ATHLETES' TRAINING. Nutrition for athletes
taking into account the specifics of the training process and the period of the annual training cycle.
METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE ACTUAL NUTRITION OF ATHLETES. Food diary. Are common
principles of keeping a food diary. Control and analysis of diet using a food diary.
Using computer technology to organize and evaluate rational nutrition
athletes.
NUTRITION AND FITNESS. Organization of nutrition during recreational physical exercises
culture (fitness, bodybuilding, aerobics).