Rowing is an Olympic sport. Rowing
During rowing competitions, athletes sit with their backs to the direction of movement. This is the main difference from canoeing and kayaking.
There are two types of vessels on which rowers sail: oar and double. On swing boats, athletes sit on both sides of the side, and each rows with only one oar. In addition, these vessels can have two, four or eight oarsmen. On the second vessel, the competitors move with the help of two oars. These boats allow the following options for the number of athletes on board: one, two or four.
A helmsman may be appointed as part of the team. His gender must match the gender of the main cast. This is a prerequisite for participation in, although in other rowing competitions its observance is not important.
Separate competitions are held for light weight boats. Such swims have been introduced since 1996.
The race track is a straight line with a length of 2 km.
This type of competition is distinguished by the interesting fact that the results of passing the race track are not recorded as records, and this is fair, because the time to cover a given distance can be increased due to factors independent of the athletes. These include the direction and strength of the wind, water temperature, intensity and direction of the current, and even the degree of pollution of the reservoir in which the competition is held.
Rowing has gained particular popularity in Russia, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, Romania and Western European countries.
Among the best male rowers is the Englishman Steve Redgrave. Taking part in five Olympic Games, he brought his country 5 gold medals and 1 bronze. The best result among women belongs to the Romanian Elizabeta Lipa-Oleniuk, who received 5 gold medals, 3 silver and 1 bronze.
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Tip 2: Summer Olympic Sports: Artistic Gymnastics
At the Summer Olympics, athletes compete in many sports, including artistic gymnastics. This discipline has been present in the competition program since the first Olympics in 1896 in Athens.
Artistic gymnastics is one of the sports that can bring many medals to a particular athlete and the national team. The modern Olympic program provides for the presentation of 14 sets of awards. Men compete to receive awards in the overall championship, team event, floor exercise, vault, parallel bars, rings, pommel horse and high bar. For women, the last 4 apparatus are replaced by uneven bars and a beam.
At the very first Olympics in 1896, artistic gymnastics competitions were held for men only. The most awards - 10 - were received by athletes from the German Empire. The teams of Greece and Switzerland also performed well.
In 1908, gymnasts from the Russian Empire competed at the Olympics for the first time. These were athletes from Finland and they competed under the name of their country, although under the Russian flag. The Finnish team received bronze in the team competition.
Women were able to compete in artistic gymnastics for the first time at the 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam. Then they were allowed only to team competitions. Among the women's teams, the Dutch team took first place.
In 1952, the competition program expanded significantly. In particular, absolute championships began to be held among women, as well as competitions on individual apparatus. The Helsinki Olympics were a triumph for Soviet gymnasts. This was their first participation in the Olympic Games. As a result, athletes from the USSR won 22 medals, including gold in the men's and women's team and absolute championships.
At the next games, the success of Soviet athletes was repeated. Larisa Latynina, the gymnast who received the most in the history of the sport, began her performances as part of the Soviet team.
Since the 60s, the competition program in gymnastics has remained virtually unchanged. However, new requirements for athletes were introduced. Since the 90s, girls under 16 years of age have not been allowed to compete, although previously there were cases of fourteen-year-olds receiving medals.
Russia's successes, compared to the Soviet Union, in this sport have become more modest. However, there is hope that the situation will level out with the arrival of a new generation of young athletes in big-time sports.
Tip 3: Which sports qualify for the Olympic title?
The list of sports that are called Olympic is regularly updated with new disciplines. True, this happens quite slowly. And representatives of many sports federations dream of having their favorite type of competition included in the Olympic program.
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Sources:
- list of olympic sports
Freestyle wrestling is a competition between two athletes. Each of the athletes tries to put the other on the shoulder blades or win with the help of other technical techniques (grabs, throws, flips, sweeps and trips).
For freestyle wrestling competitions, a special square-shaped carpet area is arranged, its side is eight meters. Participants' costumes consist of red or blue elastic tights, swimming trunks and wrestling shorts. Shoes for wrestling are made soft, without heels and various metal parts.
On the mat, athletes try in every possible way to turn the opponent onto his back and press his shoulder blades to the mat. Points are awarded for performing techniques; you can win technically, that is, with a large amount of points. During the competition, wrestlers make grabs and trip. For this purpose, grips and grabs with arms and legs are used on the ground. The fight lasts five minutes. If during this time no one was on the shoulder blades and did not receive three points for active actions, another three minutes are added. And so on until the winner is determined. The progress of the fight is monitored by a team of judges who award points and victory.
Athletes are divided into weight categories. Since 1928, the rule has been established - one participant from one country in each weight category. The loser is eliminated from the games.
Freestyle wrestling was first included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games in 1904 in St. Louis (USA). Then all participants (42 people) were representatives of this country. Europeans did not immediately accept this type of wrestling, so it was not featured at the next Olympics.
But then this one firmly entered the program of the summer games. The rules of the competition changed, but the participation of the majority of athletes from only one country was no longer allowed. Russia created its own freestyle wrestling team to participate in the Olympics in 1996.
In 1980, women's freestyle wrestling also gained recognition, and it appeared at the Olympic Games in 2004 in Athens. This was the third women's martial arts after taekwondo and judo.
Currently, athletes from the USA, Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkey, and Georgia are leading the world in freestyle wrestling.
Sources:
- Freestyle wrestling
Today football is the most widespread and most popular sport on our planet. The official date of his birth is considered to be 1863, and football first appeared at the Olympic Games 37 years after this date. It was in Paris, at the second games after the revival of Olympic traditions.
The International Football Federation (FIFA), which was founded in 1904, is responsible for hosting Olympic football tournaments. This organization considers the two summer football matches (in Paris and St. Louis) not official, but only exhibition ones, since they were not attended by national teams, but by independent club teams. Therefore, the countdown of football tournaments at the FIFA Summer Games starts with the third Olympic Games, which took place in 1908 in London.
The British became the first Olympic champions in this sport, turning out to be the strongest in the tournament of eight teams. It is noteworthy that France was represented by two teams at once in that tournament - this was the only precedent in history. The British football teams, together with the Hungarian ones, are still the most successful Olympic teams - they have won gold medals three times each. While the Brazilians, already five-time world champions in this sport, have never become first at the Olympics. It is curious that twice they were not allowed to receive awards by USSR football players - in 1976 in Montreal, the Soviet team defeated the Brazilians in the game for bronze medals, and in 1988 in Seoul they beat them in the final game. The USSR twice won gold medals at the Olympic football tournament and became a bronze medalist three times.
According to FIFA rules, age restrictions are imposed on players of Olympic teams - each of them, excluding only three players, must be no older than 23 years. Therefore, Olympic tournaments do not attract the strongest players and are considered less prestigious competitions than the World and European Championships.
Since the XXVI Summer Olympics in Atlanta, which took place in 1996, women's football tournaments have also been included in the program. At the four forums that took place during this time, the advantage of US athletes was undeniable - three times they became champions, and once in extra time they lost first place to their rivals from Norway.
Although a similar game with a ball is mentioned even in the poems of antiquity, the official year of birth of handball is considered to be 1898. Then a team competition with almost modern rules was included in the program of physical education lessons at one of the schools in Denmark. The Danes are credited with the very idea of playing with their hands with a ball and a goal - the football players of this country used it to stay in shape in the winter.
The first appearance of handball in the Olympic program occurred at the last summer games before the outbreak of World War II. Teams consisting of eleven players played in Berlin, and the home team of the competition became the winner of that tournament. This sport returned to the Olympic sports festivals only 36 years later. And again this happened in Germany - men's teams competed in Munich, which, in accordance with modern rules, were made up of 7 players. Then the Yugoslav team became the winner. Already at the next Olympics in Montreal, Canada, a women's handball tournament was added to the men's handball tournament. That year, the USSR teams turned out to be stronger than their opponents in both the women's and men's competitions.
The Soviet women's team also won the next Olympic tournament in 1980 in Moscow, and in total the teams of the Soviet Union won gold medals four times and became silver and bronze medalists once each. This is the best result among all countries participating in the Olympic handball tournaments. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the winning tradition was first continued by teams made up of players from the former republics of the USSR - they won one gold and one bronze award each. Then the Russian national teams performed quite successfully at the summer games, winning one medal of each value.
Among other countries, Yugoslavia achieved the highest results, winning five medals of varying denominations at the Olympics. After the collapse of this state, its traditions were continued by one of the former republics - the national teams of Croatia added two more gold medals to the list. Both Russia and Croatia have every chance to replenish their piggy banks with medals from the games of the XXX Summer Olympics in London - the men's and women's handball teams of these countries received the right to participate in the 2012 tournaments.
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Dressage is a type of equestrian sport (higher school of riding). This is a competition in the skill of controlling a horse at various gaits, it takes place on an area of 20x40 or 20x60 m for 5-12 minutes. Dressage has been included in the Summer Olympics since 1912 and in the World Championships since 1966.
Dressage is based on the science of training a horse and shaping its character. In the process of these exercises, the horse’s natural abilities and the harmonious development of its body are improved. This is necessary to prepare the animal for a particular job.
Dressage, as an art of horsemanship, originated in ancient times. According to one version, it was invented by the Hittites. Modern dressage rules are the result of the work of Renaissance riders. In the 30s of the 16th century, Neapolitan Frederico Grisone founded the Academy, where horses were trained in complex tricks. The first riding schools arose in Naples. Then there was a popularization of this spectacle among the nobles. Since 1912, dressage has been included in the program of the Summer Olympic Games. The main requirements for the athlete are to make the animal move as gracefully as possible.
The modern competition program for the Grand Olympic Dressage Prize is based on the natural movements of the horse and the impeccable execution of the basic elements of drill riding in the arena. These include: walk, trot, half-pass, gallop, rearing, smooth transitions from one type of gait to another. From the old school of horsemanship, the competition includes elements such as piaffe (trot in place), priouettes (canter in place) and passages.
Technically, dressage is riding in a rectangular arena. It is carried out according to special programs. In them, all elements are produced sequentially - from simple to more complex. The points between which exercises must be performed are indicated along the walls of the arena. Large ones are installed next to them. If the arena is covered with grass, then the points on the center line are marked by cutting, and in ordinary arenas - by sawdust.
During this competition, the athlete must control the horse by moving his legs in the stirrups and using the bridle. He must do this unnoticed. The rider's task is to achieve complete obedience of the animal and develop in him a desire to move forward. The main difference between dressage and other equestrian sports is that the horse performs riding figures almost at his own request, the rider only competently guides him to this. All this is achieved as a result of long training. Dressage is the aerobatics of horse riding.
Each element is rated on a ten-point scale. The horse is required not to wag its tail, not grind its teeth, not shake its head from side to side, and also change legs in a gallop at four, three, two and one pace (make a jump). The animal must maintain a “complete horse” shape - the neck is arched in a semi-circle, the head is tilted in a plumb line, the tail is in flight.
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Sources:
- Dressage
Boxing originated about 5,000 years ago from fist fighting. This sport was popular in Ancient Greece. However, England is considered the birthplace of modern boxing. The first rules for these competitions were introduced in 1743.
During the first ancient Olympic Games, strips of leather were wrapped around the hands of boxers. Fighting with gloves began in 1867 in England.
At the Olympics, only men compete in boxing competitions. Two athletes enter the square ring for a duel and strike each other above the waist.
As soon as the gong sounds, the opponents try to score points, which are given for the blows struck. Strikes that are prohibited by the rules or struck without force are not counted. It is allowed to use the knuckle area of the glove to hit the front or side of the head and torso.
5 judges monitor the correctness of the fight. At least 3 of them must admit the point for it to count. The athlete who scores the most points wins. If there is a tie, the winner is chosen by a team of judges. She evaluates the style in which the fight was fought and the boxers' ability to hold the line.
A boxer can win by knockout if his opponent touches the fighting area with any part of his body other than his feet and is unable to get up within 10 seconds. If an athlete gets up from a knockdown, but after the referee has counted to 8, he is unable to continue the fight after the “box” command, the count goes to 10. The boxer may be declared defeated if he cannot continue the fight due to injury.
For violation of the rules, for example, a blow below the belt, to the back of the head, or for passive defense, athletes receive a reprimand. Three comments will result in disqualification.
Competitions are held in accordance with 12 weight categories: up to 48 kg, up to 51 kg, up to 54 kg, up to 57 kg, up to 60 kg, up to 63.5 kg, up to 67 kg, up to 71 kg, up to 75 kg, up to 81 kg , up to 91 kg and more than 91 kg.
The boxing ring is surrounded by ropes. The distance between them on each side of the square should be 6.1 m. There is a soft floor on the floor of the ring. The corners of the ring have their own color: red, blue, in which the boxers are, and two white ones.
Fights in the Olympic Games format are eliminated. Athletes are divided only by weight categories, without taking into account ratings and titles.
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Show jumping originates from hurdle racing and horse hunting, which were extremely popular in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. In the 50s of the 19th century, the first official competitions in overcoming various obstacles on horses were organized at the Paris Horse Show.
These competitions gradually transformed into a separate type of equestrian sport, which quickly spread to many countries in Europe and America. Starting from the second half of the 19th century, show jumping competitions began to be held in Belgium, Germany, the USA, and since 1889 in the Russian Empire. A little later, show jumping appeared in the British Isles, where it still remains one of the most difficult and honorable competitions.
The main task of the rider in classical show jumping is to overcome obstacles that are located on the field in a certain sequence with a minimum number of penalty points. The most common penalty system is 4 points for breaking an obstacle or disobeying a horse, while a fall of a rider or horse, a rider with a horse and 2 disobedience usually results in disqualification. The route is limited by a clearly established time limit. Exceeding this norm is punishable by penalty points, which are awarded for each missed second.
Competitions are held in an arena or in an open fenced area measuring at least 60 by 40 meters. The modern program of the Olympic Games includes 2 types of show jumping competitions: individual competition for the Grand Olympic Prize and team competition for the Prize of Nations.
Hippo show jumping was first included in the Olympic program in 1900. At the II Olympic Games in Paris, riders from Belgium, Italy and France overcame obstacles. At the two subsequent Olympics in 1904 and 1908, no show jumping competitions were held.
Until 1952, military cavalrymen were leaders in individual and team competitions in this sport. At the Summer Olympic Games in Helsinki (1952), for the first time, victory went to a civilian - the Frenchman Pierre d'Ariola. Four years later, the Englishwoman Patricia Smith became the first woman to receive a bronze award in team jumping competitions. In the history of the Olympic movement, there have been cases when not winners were identified in team competitions... Thus, in 1932 in Los Angeles, the tests were so difficult that not a single team managed to reach the finish line.
Since 1956, Germany has been the recognized leader in show jumping, winning three gold medals in a row in the team competition. German Hans Gunther Winkler became an Olympic champion five times, receiving team or individual gold. In recent decades, Germany has again claimed the status of absolute leader.
Our show jumpers showed a brilliant result at the Olympics only once. At the XXII Games in Moscow, Soviet athletes won team gold and individual silver.
Rowing is an Olympic water sport in which participants, while in a boat, using oars and their own strength, overcome the distance backwards (unlike kayaking and canoeing).
The International Rowing Federation (FISA) (French Federation Internationale des Societes d'Aviron, FISA) is an association that is responsible for the development of rowing in the world, as well as the organization and conduct of international competitions.
History of rowing
The first mention of rowing as a sport is recorded on an ancient Egyptian stone bas-relief and dates back to the 25th century BC.
Ship racing in the modern sense has its origins in 16th century England, where carriers of passengers and cargo across the Thames competed in kayak and boat races.
The first official rowing race took place in 1715, and was named Doggett's Coat and Badge Race after the organizer, English actor Thomas Doggett. This race is still considered one of the most prestigious in the United Kingdom.
Later, two oldest and most important regattas were established in England - symbols of British rowing, which are still held today: the Oxford-Cambridge regatta called The Boat Race, which began in 1829, and the Henley Royal Regatta. ), first held in 1839.
In 1718, by decree of Peter I, the first rowing club in Russia, the Nevsky Fleet, was established. And on March 21, 1860, rowing in Russia received official recognition as a sport.
Since 1900, rowing has been included in the Olympic competition program.
Rules for rowing competitions
Rowing competitions involve singles, doubles, fours and eights of rowers in light and heavy sculls and oar boats.
First, the athletes participate in the preliminary stage, after which they advance to the semifinals, and then the 6 best crews qualify for the finals.
The race is conducted in calm water and along a straight line. Teams are allowed to move on other people's tracks, but on the condition that they do not interfere with other crews.
The rules in rowing regulate the weight of athletes. For women, the maximum weight is 59 kg, but the average weight of crew members is 57 kg, and 72.5 kg for men, 70 kg is the average weight for the crew.
The race begins with the command “two minutes”, which sounds when all boats are located in the starting box. This is followed by a roll call of the crews, which ends with the command “attention”. Some time after the command, a loud beep sounds and the race begins.
Grebnoy Canal
For competitions and for training athletes, an artificial reservoir is used - a rowing canal, the width of which reaches 200 m, where 125 m is the main water for the rowing lanes and 75 m is the return water), and the length is ~ 4000 m (the main water is 2200 m). Depth at least 2 m.
Straight sections of coastal waters, rivers or lakes without a current are also used for competitions.
Types of rowing
Types of rowing:
- Sculls - rowing is performed with two oars;
- Swing - rowing is performed with one oar.
Team composition:
- One man;
- Two people;
- Four people;
- Eight people.
Competitions according to the Olympic program are held in 14 classes:
- Singles - male and female;
- Doubles doubles - men's and women's;
- Two-piece doubles - men's and women's;
- Light weight double sculls - men's and women's;
- Swing fours - men's and men's light weight;
- Quadruple pairs - men's and women's;
- Eights - male and female.
Inventory and equipment
Academic vessels are narrow, elongated light sports boats with rowlocks (bends) for oars and movable seats (banks) placed over the sides.
Types of boats:
- training or amateur (such a boat is wider than a racing boat, with high sides);
- racing (narrow base, low sides).
Composite materials and epoxy resins are used to make boats.
There are no special requirements for boat design, but there are technical specifications:
- The design of the step should allow the rower to leave the boat without using his hands in the shortest possible time in the event of a capsize;
- The bow of the boat must be equipped with a white molded rubber ball and a weather vane holder;
- The minimum weight of the boat without oars and radio systems must be:
- 4+ (four-wheel drive) - 51 kg;
- 2x, 2 - (double sculls and helmless) - 27 kg;
- 1x (single) - 14 kg;
- 2+ (double steering) - 32 kg;
- 4 - (four without steering wheel) - 50 kg;
- 4x (four sculls) - 52 kg;
- 8+ (eight) - 96 kg.
- The thickness of the blades of swing oars 3 mm from the edge along the entire perimeter should be at least 5 mm, and for paired oars 2 mm from the edge - at least 3 mm.
- During international competitions, oar blades must be painted in national colors.
Equipment
The sports uniform for the team must be uniform:
- T-shirt or T-shirt;
- Shorts (tracksuit in cool weather);
- Sports overalls;
- Cap;
- Shoes.
Judging
The main panel of judges includes:
- main judge;
- chief secretary;
- technical delegate;
- Deputy Chief Judge for General Affairs;
- deputy chief judge for refereeing issues;
- deputy chief judge for logistics;
- Deputy Chief Secretary;
- Deputy Chief Judge for Medical Services (doctor).
In addition to the main panel of judges, they are present at the race.
Rowing is one of the oldest sports. It is believed that back in the 25th century BC, races were held on rowing ships in ancient Egypt. The “track,” of course, was the great Nile River.
In the 13th century, the British used small rowing boats to transport goods, and around the 16th century they began to organize races. It was England in the 17th and 18th centuries that began to develop rowing as a sport. This sport became widely known in Europe in the 19th century, after which it spread to other continents.
In Russia, the emergence of rowing is associated with the name of Peter I, or more precisely with the creation of the Neva Fleet in 1718. In 1742, carriers began to organize races among themselves, which aroused great interest among the public. The first Russian rowing sports organization was opened on May 21, 1860, and in 1892 the first Russian championship was held.
In Germany, a similar organization was created in 1884, two years later, in 1886, a similar union was created by Switzerland, and Belgium - in 1887. The growing popularity of rowing led to the creation of the International Federation of Rowing Societies (FISA) in 1892. And the first European Championship took place the following year.
Rowing at the Olympic Games
Rowing was included in the Olympic program in the year of the “resurrection” of the Games - in 1896, and at the next Olympics, in 1900 in Paris, the first medals were awarded. But competitions were held only among men's teams; the first women's competitions were held in 1976 at the Olympics in Montreal.
And if at the first Olympics only 5 sets of medals were played in four types, then at the Olympic Games in London there are already 14 sets of medals in 14 types - 8 for men (singles, doubles, doubles, fours, fours, eights and lightweight : doubles and fours sculls) and 6 for women (singles, doubles, doubles sculls, fours sculls, eights, fours, coxed fours and lightweight doubles sculls)
Of all countries, Germany has the most gold medals - 62 (including the GDR and the joint team).
The USSR national team took gold 12 times, silver 20 times, bronze 10 times. The Russian national team currently has one medal of the highest standard (fours doubles in Athens 2004) and two bronze (eights in Atlanta 1996; women's fours doubles in Sydney 2000).
The most titled athlete among women is the Romanian Elisabeth Lipa, with 5 gold medals (20 years passed between the first and last gold medals), and the most titled athlete is the Englishman Steve Redgrade with 5 gold medals (won at 5 Olympics in a row) and one bronze.
Rowing is a cyclic sport, racing on water. One, two, four or eight rowers in a crew complete the course in boats with their backs facing the direction of travel (unlike rowing in kayaks and canoes).
In regular rowing competitions (World and European Championships, World Cup and Nations Cup), the gender of the helmsman may not coincide with the gender of the rowers. At the Olympic Games, gender discrepancies between the helmsman and the rowers are not permitted.
OLYMPIC GAMES
Men's rowing became an Olympic sport in 1900 at the Games in Paris, women's - in 1976 in Montreal. Rowing competitions held as part of the modern Olympic Games include fourteen disciplines. Steve Redgrave from Great Britain is considered the most outstanding rower of all time. He participated in five Olympic Games and won 6 medals: 5 gold and 1 bronze. The best among women, the Romanian athlete Elizabeta Lipa-Olenyuk, participated in six Olympic Games, where she won 9 medals: 5 gold, 3 silver and 1 bronze.
RUSSIA
The first official Russian rowing competitions took place in 1861 in St. Petersburg. The first Russian rowing championship was held in 1892. In the Soviet Union, the sport was revived in 1928. The most titled rower of the USSR was Vyacheslav Ivanov, who became the Olympic champion three times: 1956, 1960, 1964 (single boat).
Photo - Sergey Kivrin and Andrey Golovanov
Rowing is a cyclic sport, racing on water. One, two, four or eight rowers in a crew complete the course in boats with their backs facing the direction of travel (unlike rowing in kayaks and canoes). Rowing can be paired and swing - that is, it is performed with two oars in the first case and one in the second.
The classic length of the distance is 2000 m (competitions at the Olympic Games, World and European Championships take place at this distance), but it can be changed, for example, the issue of introducing a distance of 200 m into the program of the World Championships is now being discussed. The weight of the helmsman in rowing is strictly limited, if it is less than required, ballast is placed in the boat.
In rowing (if it is not singles), the synchronization of the oars' immersion in the water and their bringing to the surface is very important - this affects the balance, speed and trajectory of the vessel.